• AKA Dias, Jupiter, Jove
• Oldest (according to Homer) Son of Kronos and Rhea
• After the War of the Titans, became lord over the skies, but he is also ruler of all creation
• God of hospitality.
• Wields a thunderbolt.
• Dwells on Mount Olympos.
• Father of Helen by Leda, Herakles by Alkmene, and of Sarpedon.
• Favors Hektor and is sympathetic toward Troy, but understands it must fall.
• Homer makes it seem as if he can control Fate itself.

-A.K.A. Juno.

-Zeus's sister and wife.

-Goddess of the hearth and marriage.

-Against the Trojans during the war because of Paris's judgement.

-Has a major influence on Zeus's decisions, often with bitterness.

-A.K.A. Neptune.

-Brother of Zeus.

-Ruler of seas and horses, and god of earthquake.

-Carries a trident.

-In the Iliad, he hates the Trojans because Laomedon did not pay him for building the city walls.

-A.K.A. Kytherea, Venus.

-In most traditions, she rises from Ouranos's genitals after Kronos threw them in the sea and floats to an island called Kythera.

-In Homer, she is the daughter of Dione and Zeus.

-Goddess of love.

-Wife of Hephaistos.

-Lover of Ares.

-Mother of the Trojan hero Aineias by Ankhises.

-For the Trojans in the war at Troy both because of her son Aineias and because of Paris's favorable judgement.

-Son of Zeus and Hera.

-God of blacksmithing and fire.

-Consummate (very skilled) artist.

-Forges all of the gods' armor, houses, etc.

-Makes Akhilleus's splendid new shield and armor in the Iliad.

-Is crippled after Zeus throws him off Mt. Olympos for attempting (with the other gods) to overthrow him.

-In the Iliad, he is married to a Grace.

-A.K.A. Phoebus, Loxias

-Son of Zeus and the titan Leto.

-God of the sun, wit, archery, and poetry.

-Associated with prophecy.

-For the Trojans in the war and active participant in the preservation of the city.

-A.K.A. Mars

-Son of Zeus and Hera.

-God of war and destruction.

-Lover of Aphrodite.

-On the Trojan side during the war.

-A.K.A. Minerva, Pallas

-Goddess of war and wisdom.

-Sprang from Zeus's forehead, fully grown and armed.

-Plays a major role in the Iliad against the Trojans because of Paris's judgment.

-Oldest child of Priam and Hekabe.

-Greatest hero of the Trojans.

-Admired and feared by the Greeks.

-Killed by Akhilleus.

-After the Greeks conquer Troy, his son, Astyanax is thrown from the city walls.

-Husband to Andromakhe.

-King of Troy and husband of Hekabe.

-Father of many of the Trojan heroes (he had 100 children - 50 boys and 50 girls), including Hektor, Paris, and Deiphobos.

-Father also of Kassandra.

-When Hekabe is pregnant with Paris, she has a vision of herself carrying a torch that destroys the city. Priam interprets this as the destruction of Troy by his unborn child. When Hekabe gives birth, they abandon Paris on a hillside.

-On the death of Hektor, goes to the Greek camp and begs Akhilleus for his son's body back.

-Wife of Priam

-Hektor is the most prominent of her sons.

-central character of the Iliad

-son of mortal Peleus and nymph Thetis

-Thetis dips him in the river Styx by the heel so that no arrows or weapons can harm him

-Agamemnon dishonors him when he takes Briseis, Akhilleus' war prize

-refuses to fight for the Greeks but changes his mind when his cousin Patroklos is killed by Hektor

-kills many heroes, most notably Hektor, whose body he attempts to desecrate

-eventually killed by Paris who shoots him in the heel, the vulnerable place on his body

-greatest warrior in the Achaian army

-willing to subvert the good of the whole army to endanger the lives of those closest to him to achieve emotional blackmail.

-virtue: a fighter, passion

-flaws: excessive pride, excessive passion

-son of Atreus and brother of Menelaos

-well-meaning but irresolute king of Mycenae

-becomes king after he and Menelaos drive out Thyestes

-commander-in-chief of the Greek army at Troy

-angers Akhilleus by taking his war prize, Briseis, whom he later returns to Akhilleus, along with great treasure -takes the Trojan princess Kassandra as his slave after the destruction of Troy

-murdered by Aigisthos and Klytaimestra

-virtue: being a king, open-minded, tolerant

-ranks among the finest and bravest of the Achaian warriors

-brave, wise, reasonable, courteous, gallant most of the time

-"lord of the battle cry"

-takes on several gods: Aphrodite, Apollo, and Ares

-son of Tydeus, great hero who was among the seven who assaulted the city of Thebes

-according to tradition, returned home to an unfaithful wife who ejected him from his city; he died in obscurity

-son of Telamon

-brute strength and courage

-"wall of army"

-Greek hero

-son of Laertes

-Married to Penelope and father of Telemakhos

-has idea for the Trojan horse

-shrewd, crafty, brave

-magnificent speaker, fighter, and strategist

-"seed of Zeus"

-intelligence motivated by persistence

-oldest of the Achaian warriors at Troy

-wisdom, experience, asset in council

-can no longer fight, but remains at the front line of battle, commanding his troops

-first married to Menelaos

-taken by Paris and becomes his wife

-most beautiful woman in the world

-self-centered

-daughter of Zeus and Leda

-sister of Klytaimestra

-the cause of the Trojan war

-son of Nestor

-brave young Greek warrior who takes part in fighting and funeral games

-Wife of Hektor and mother of Astyanax

-Figures prominently in Book 6, where she reveals her fear of Hektor's Death at the hands of Akhilleus: Akh killed her father and seven brothers - Hektor is all she has left

-In mourning for Hektor, she is the one who foreshadows Astyanax's (and Troy's) fate: death and enslavement

-Daughter of Eetion

-One of the few examples in the Iliad of a woman who si treated as something more than geras

-One of Priam's remaining sons.

-In Book 24, after Hektor is killed, Priam berates his nine remaining sons for being wicked and worthless, including Deiphobos.

-In Book 22, Athena disguises herself as him to trick Hektor just before his death.

-Son of Zeus and the Trojan Ankhises

-Cousin of Hektor

-Great hero in the Trojan army

-When facing Akhilleus, Zeus considers saving him, but the other gods convince him that it would be unwise to thwart fate (which demonstrates he would have the power to do so).

-After his death, his body is taken to Lykia to be buried.

-a Trojan ally from Lykia

-the son of Hippolokhos, the grandson of Bellerophontes

-In book 6, Glaukos faces Diomedes and tells the story of his lineage and the tale of Bellerophontes. Diomedes said that his grandfather, Oineus, had been a guest-friend of Bellerophontes and, as the grandsons of these two men, it was not proper for them to fight; they got down from their chariots and exchanged armor (Zeus took Glaukos’ senses away because he exchanged his golden armor for Diomedes’ bronze armor)

-Akhilleus' beloved comrade (and, as some believe, lover)

-contributes to both the humanization and wrath of Akhilleus

-Wears Akhilleus' armor and enters into battle, to be killed by Hektor

-son of Atreus and brother of Agamemnon

-husband of Helen

-King of Sparta by virtue of his marriage to Helen

-son of Amyntor and Kleobule

-mentor of Akhilleus

-Phoinix’s father was unfaithful to his wife, Kleobule, and she begged Phoinix to seduce the mistress and turn the young woman’s affections away from the aging Amyntor; when Amyntor detected the plot, he cursed Phoinix and drove him from Kalydon; Zeus and Persephone accomplished Amyntor’s curse and Phoinix was never allowed to have children of his own.

-Phoinix considered killing his father but his hand was stayed by the intervention of his devoted kinsmen and cousins; they kept Phoinix under close watch for nine days and his anger transformed into resolution; on the tenth night he fled Kalydon.

-Phoinix was given asylum by king Peleus of Phthia; he was treated as an honored guest and Peleus made him the king of Dolopia; he became the advisor and foster-father of Akhilleus during the Trojan War, Phoinix begged Akhilleus to put aside his anger towards Agamemnon and rejoin the fight with the Trojans; he reminded Akhilleus of the story of Meleagros and how one man’s pride had brought doom to his family and his homeland.

-Book 9

• divine intervention,
• begins in medias res (in the middle of things),
• statement of theme,
• invocation of muse,
• catalogues,
• digressions,
• long speeches,
• epithets,
• epic simile,
• long narrative poem about heroic action,
• hero embodies his culture's ideas

Antenor

• Who: councilor of King Priam, son of Aesyetes by Cleomestra, husband of Theano,
• one of the wisest of the Trojan elders and counsellors
• Trojan nobleman who unsuccessfully advocates the peaceful return of Helen to the Achaians before the events of the Iliad
• Contrasts the irrational thinking

excessive manliness; Homer wrote of a time where men were stronger, tougher, better-looking, more fertile, but also showed excessive wrath, pride, and self-destruction; they sometimes forgot they were merely mortals at the mercy of the gods

physical rewards such as money, weapons, women, property; a physical manifestation of honor achieved from time

immortality through stories, fame

How long after Helen was taken does the Iliad take place?

• AKA Bronze Age
• c.a. 1600-1040 BC
• Greeks
• Linear B writing system
• sophisticated culture
• palatial structures: Athens (only one that still stands), Pyles, Tiryns, Mykenai, Sparta
• war-oriented (i.e. in art)
• trade-based economy

Fall of Troy

• c.a. 1200-1150 BC

• AKA Renaissance (Renewal)
• c.a. 800-500 BC
• Homer: c.a. 750-725 BC (a school of poets memorized his poems)
• c.a. 776 Olympic Games
• Archilochos wrote of war, drinking, women, less glory in war, "real" soldiers
• post Homer: Phoenician Alphabet
• city-states develop (independently ruled)
• Agricultural economy ("oikos")
• colonization

• Folk/oral
• Literary

fiction taking about itself as fiction

Example: When Akhilleus is singing of old heroes as Homer is doing himself.

• Poine - restitution, paying a price for that person's life
• sorrow, war, peace, death, transformation, art, passion, immortality (kleos), hunting/hunted, fate
• microcosm (small universe, small world) of the Iliad, life in 2 cities
• is alive, ekphrasis (animated something that is static)
• made by Hephaistos

poine

• wedding of Akhilleus' parents, Thetis and Peleus
• Eris throws the apple to the fairest because she is mad she is not invited
• Hera, Athena, & Aphrodite claim the apple as theirs and take it to Zeus to decide
• Zeus sends them to Paris
• Each offer Paris a gift, Hera offers Africa and marriage, Athena offers fighting and scholarly skills, and Aphrodite offers him the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen.
• Paris chooses Aphrodite and goes to Troy and takes Helen and treasure from Menelaos
• The cause of the Trojan War!
• Told in the Cypria