Term
|
Definition
| From Galilee, taught of giving, repentance and sacrifice. Non-materialistic. Teachings appealed to women and slaves. Big three things disliked about Christianity: Monotheism, pacifism (contrast to virtus), Universalism (Rome is universal, can only be one). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Sermon is the longest piece of teaching from Jesus in the New Testament, and has been one of the most widely quoted elements of the Canonical Gospels. It includes some of the best known teachings of Jesus, such as the Beatitudes, and the widely recited Lord's Prayer. To most believers in Jesus, the Sermon on the Mount contains the central tenets of Christian discipleship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Last of the five good emperors. His death marks the end of the Pax Romana (180). His son Commodus succeeds him. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Apostle to the Gentiles. Christian missionary who took the gospel of Christ to the first-century world. He is generally considered one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age and one of the greatest religious leaders of all time. |
|
|
Term
| Third Century Crisis (235-284) |
|
Definition
| the crumbling and near collapse of the Roman Empire between 235 and 284 caused by invasion, civil war, plague, economic decline and increasingly horrific persecution (of Christians). Time period ruled by 20-25 barracks emperors that were corrupt and never ruled empire as a whole. Breakdown of Roman universalism and it not protecting the citizens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| setup tetrarchy (two emperors and two Caesars) and split the empire into east and west. Took on many eastern ideas and customs. Fragmentation of Rome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emperor in the West after 306, fought off invading Germanic tribes. Establishes religious toleration in 313 also returns all confiscated Christian property. Founds new capital in Constantinople. Converts to Christianity on his deathbed. |
|
|
Term
| Arianism vs. Trinitariasm |
|
Definition
| Arianism was the belief that Jesus was only a man and should be followed but not worshipped. God created the Son and Jesus was only a spiritual son to God. Trinitariasm was the belief that God is Father, Son and Holy Spirit simultaneously eternally existing. |
|
|
Term
| Council of Nicea and Nicene Creed (325) |
|
Definition
| Condemnation of Arianism. Setup Nicene Creed, which were the beliefs of Christianity. |
|
|
Term
| Long term affects of Third Century Crisis: |
|
Definition
| Disruption of Roman trade network/safety. De-urbanization due to lack of protection (no longer protected by Rome). Rise of manorialism (feudalism). Different from Aristides walls (pg 151). |
|
|
Term
| Clovis and Merovingian Dynasty |
|
Definition
| Wife begs him to convert, but he refuses. He is losing a major battle and prays to pagan gods and continues to lose. Prays to God and battle changes. He converts and his army converts. |
|
|
Term
| Emperor Theodosius (379-395) |
|
Definition
| Made Christianity the official religion of Rome. Last emperor to rule a united kingdom. Lets goths into the kingdom if they fight for the Roman army (Germanization of army). |
|
|
Term
| St. Augustine City of Man, City of God |
|
Definition
| City of God is better than the City of man. (pg 196). Writing against pagans. Pagans are materialistic and not concerned with next world. All about self-interest. Sin comes from human nature not God because He is perfect. Writing also against classical antiquity thought. |
|
|
Term
| Classical Humanism vs. Judo-Christian Values |
|
Definition
| Classical Humansim came from the idea of human reason and that the purpose of life was to achieve individual excellence while contributing to community. Valued arête and virtus. Human reason is the highest power. Ultimate Good: independent thought and action. Judeo-Christian Values felt that God cared for individual and it was up to individual to use free will and choose the right way to live. Natural equality of man. Human nature is corrupt and human body is unclean. There are divine truths. Ultimate Good: knowing, obeying and loving God. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gave power to the papacy. Used papal office to govern large area around Rome. The Merovingian Frankish Dynasty teams up with the bishop of Rome to seal a formidable (and lasting) alliance and together contribute greatly to the Christianization of Western Europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many who went to convert pagan and barbaric tribes. Many pagan traditions/holidays absorbed by Christianity. “Can’t Beat em join em” kind of mentality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Complete fall of Rome in the West. No more civilization, writing is gone
- Dark Ages – standard of living drops to less than half of what it was.
-Church keeps writing alive. Monks re-writing the Bible. |
|
|
Term
| Tacitus and writings on Germania |
|
Definition
lineage was important when it came to leadership. No records, ability to raid and pillage and gain resources. (Reading on Blackboard)
- In 400’s Germanic tribes begin to move en masse into what is now Rome. Reasons: lack of resources or other tribes (Huns). |
|
|
Term
| Battle of Adrianople (378) |
|
Definition
Goths win over Romans. Goths stay in Rome.
-Goths are recruited by Theodosius to fight for Rome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Great non-Roman general in the Roman army |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deposes Emperor Romulus Augustulus (476). |
|
|
Term
| Manorialization (feudalism) |
|
Definition
| Cities declined and power of large rural landowners increased. As cities declined, people fled to the countryside and people exchanged oaths of loyalty and annual fees and rent for small plots of land and protection. Beginning of feudalism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Time of feudalism, no civilization, no writing except for church. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monasteries began as communities of Christians, monks transcribed and kept writing alive. Converted pagans. |
|
|
Term
| The Byzantine Empire (330/476-1453). |
|
Definition
| Preserved the ideas of classical antiquity. Preserved many of the ideas of classical antiquity. |
|
|
Term
| Emperor Justinian (483-565 ruled from 527) |
|
Definition
| Came at a point when it was possible when Eastern Rome could fall. Wanted to take back the west, which was run by Arian Germanic tribes. Attempts to retake and destroys Italy and N. Africa. Pyrrhic victory. Destroys Ostrogoths and vandals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Merged Church and State. Anybody who was pagan could be persecuted legally |
|
|
Term
| Patriarch of Constantinople |
|
Definition
head of orthodoxy in Constantinople.
Byzantium as a Buffer. Byzantium took a lot of attacks from a lot of invaders. Little provinces taken, but Constantinople never fell. Kept the West protected from possible invaders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prophet. Believed that Jesus was a prophet. Went to Mecca and cleansed shrine. Islam is a religion of the book. Muhammad’s revelation was written down, the Qur’an. Believed to be the word of God and not of Muhammad. |
|
|
Term
| Flight of the Hegira, 622 (Hijra) |
|
Definition
| A journey by a large group, like an Exodus, to escape from a hostile environment, refers to Muhammad's flight to Medina and establishment of the first Islamic state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monotheistic, not this worldly. Idea of good afterworld. Jesus was not God, but he was man, no trinity, only one God. |
|
|
Term
| Siege of Constantinople (717-718) |
|
Definition
| A combined land and sea offensive by the Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate against the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople. The campaign marked the culmination of twenty years of attacks and progressive Arab occupation of the Byzantine borderlands, while Byzantine strength was sapped by prolonged internal turmoil. The siege's failure had wide-ranging repercussions. The rescue of Constantinople ensured the continued survival of Byzantium, while the Caliphate's strategic outlook was altered: although regular attacks on Byzantine territories continued, the goal of outright conquest was abandoned. Historians credit the siege with halting the Muslim advance into Europe, and consider it one of history's most decisive battles. |
|
|
Term
| The Battle Of Tours/Poitiers |
|
Definition
| Fought in an area between the cities of Poitiers and Tours, in north-central France. The location of the battle was close to the border between the Frankish realm and then-independent Aquitaine. The battle pitted Frankish and Burgundian, under Austrasian Charles Martel, against an army of the Umayyad Caliphate led by ‘Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi. Franks won. Exemplified the warrior mentality to protect Christianity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Roman Britons along with the rest of Rome adopt Christianity over the course of the 4th century |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Epitome of Christian warrior king, fought against Germanic tribes
Gradually, the Germanic invaders merged into a single people called Anglo-Saxons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Augustine of Canterbury, sent by Pope Gregory the Great to England in 596 to begin the conversion process of the Anglo-Saxons and wrestle the Celtic Church back to orthodoxy. First archbishop of Canterbury. |
|
|
Term
| Kinship in Germanic Tribes |
|
Definition
| No formal political organization. Tied together by bonds of personal loyalty. Major function was mutual protection |
|
|
Term
| Pope Gregory the Great (540-604, pope from 590), |
|
Definition
| sent missionaries to England including St. Augustine. Conversions of Anglo-Saxons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Began with Clovis who was baptized in 481. First Germanic leader to convert to Trinitarianism and not Arianism. The Franks team up with the Pope and seal an alliance to increase the Christianization of Western Europe. |
|
|
Term
| Charlemagne King of the Franks (768-814) |
|
Definition
| and Father of Europe. Temporary end to the Dark Ages |
|
|
Term
| Missi Dominici (messengers of the Lord) |
|
Definition
| charged with watching over the counts and keeping Charlemagne informed. Visits by messengers reminded the Lord/Vassal of Charlemagne’s watch and power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1.Germanic (tribal) Culture Emperor as warrior who provides security and booty to his men. 2. Christianity: Legacy of Clovis and the Merovingians, Emperor as protector of Church but also anointed by papacy. Charlemagne and Wars against Islam and “pagans”, Towards the idea of universal Christendom. The Roman Ideal: The endurance of the Roman idea and longing to emerge from the “Dark Ages” and reestablish “civilization” (Carolus Magnus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filling the void left by the fall of Rome 3 and a half centuries earlier—Defender of civilization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Division of Frankish Realm between Charlemagne’s three grandsons: Charles the Bald(west), Lothair (middle), and Louis the German (east). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Men from the North were Germanic pagan tribes who stayed in their Germanic homeland until the 8th century. Vikings were Norse warriors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fragmented manors ruled by lords was the basis of the Middle Ages, based on agriculture, with no centralized state. Society of Orders: Those who pray, those who fight and those who work (no social mobility).
- Those who pray are priests/clergy who carry out sacraments and traditions. Those who fight are Lords and vassals. They are the protectors of invasions and the nobility. Those who work are the serfs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| someone who needs protection will make an oath to pay homage and fight for the lord. Usually given a fief or land. Knight was title of nobility. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the agricultural ways of the manor. Generic plan of a medieval manor; open-field strip farming, some enclosures, triennial crop rotation, demesne and manse, common woodland, pasturage and meadow. Lord would expect people to work for him in order to keep staying there. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| towns developed out of trading sites as merchants and craftsmen came to trade and sell their wares around Europe. People who lived there were merchants or burghers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Corporate bodies that regulated goods. Control of production started to be in guilds control. Guilds were established to create local monopolies and to fix wages, working conditions and standards. Offer mutual protection for those in the guild. Job security. Came up with prices and product quality together.
Trade opens up traveling and trade routes. Allows for crusades later. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| succeeds Henry Fowler. Wants to be coronated by the Pope, but doesn’t happen. Wants to centralize power so he uses nepotism. He puts those loyal to him in positions of power. Wanted to rule the church to get more power. Otto goes to Italy and attacks local dukes to take the position of Roman Emperor. Pope sees that King of the Germans could be a powerful ally and crowns him Holy Roman Emperor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hugh Capet, King of the western Franks deposes last Carolingian monarch and found the Capetian dynasty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the descendants of Norse Vikings. They have integrated into French culture and feudalism, now speak French and are Christian |
|
|
Term
| Viking Invasions of England (793-1066) |
|
Definition
| Alfred the Great, King of Wessex and Bretwalda from 871 to 899 defended the Anglo-Saxons from the Vikings. |
|
|
Term
| La Chanson de Roland (Song of Roland) |
|
Definition
| Song sung by Norman soldiers as they go into battle. About a battle in the past. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| King of England (1199-1216). Lost a lot of land while his brother Richard the Lionheart was away. Magna Carta checked the power of the English monarch. He was hated for his taxes. Had to pay off large ransom for the kidnapping of his brother and he lost a lot of wars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Listed liberties and rights of vassals, lords, nobility and free men (merchants). Jury by peers: judged by those in your caste. Serfs not free. Council decides who raises taxes (House of Lords). Kings vassals forced him to sign it. |
|
|
Term
| The Investiture Controversy |
|
Definition
| Round 1: Pope John XII conspired against Otto the Emperor and Otto went to Rome and disposed him and put in Pope Leo VIII. After Otto left the city fell into civil war and John was reinstated. Otto then laid siege to the city and Pope John was killed. Pope Leo was instated again and forces people to follow him. Forces church council to sign a document saying that he and his successors have the rights of investiture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1046 king of Germany had Pope Clement II take office as pope. He crowed Henry emperor. After reign of Clement, Leo IX became pope and he brought with him Hildebrand who spurred a reform movement, which would condemn simony and outlaw clerical marriage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hildebrand’s dream to kick emperor out of papal affairs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dictatus Papae (1075). Pope Gregory (Hildebrand) 1073-1085. States that the pope is universal and only Pope can appoint bishops. Church cannot err and if clergy breaks law, the Church will handle it.In response to Dictatus Papae, Henry states God made him king and Hildebrand is a false monk. Hildebrand excommunicates him. All bonds made by Henry broken, no one is loyal to him. No longer part of Christendom. 1077 forced to go to Canossa and prostrates himself in front of the pope and asks for forgiveness. Is allowed back in Church. Struggle continues until 1122 |
|
|
Term
| Reconquista (prequel to Crusades) |
|
Definition
| Church retaking the Iberian Peninsula. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes: New found piety, Attempt of Pope and Secular rulers to appear pious and gather supporters, Refocusing of aggressive knights’ energy! (chivalry) |
|
|
Term
| The First Crusade (1095-1099) |
|
Definition
| Called by Pope Urban (II). Western Christendom (nobles) called upon to take the Holy land back from the Muslims. Those who fight are promised remission of sins and the land of milk and honey. Warriors of Christ. |
|
|
Term
| Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) |
|
Definition
| Superpope, most powerful person in Christendom. Calls for the Fourth Crusade. Wanted to be lord of the world in a feudal sense, which would combine religious and secular authority. |
|
|
Term
| Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) |
|
Definition
| Plan was to go across the Mediterranean to Egypt then to Jerusalem. Needed ships so went to Venice where it took two years to make the ships and only half of the crusaders showed up and there was not enough money to pay the Venicians. Venicians make a deal with crusaders that they will take them across the Mediterranean if they help take care of Zara, a port monopolized by Byzantine Merchants. Zara is sacked and Pope Innocent immediately renounces the crusade. Rogue crusaders decide to go to Constantinople and sack it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| threat to the Church, a denial of faith as defined by the Church. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Followers of Peter Waldo. Change Bible from Latin to French and helped people understand which took power away from clergy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extremely radical who rejected all material, even food. Thought it was evil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Imitating Christ, poverty and living in humility and sacrifice.
-Church solution to heresy- 1. Kill ‘em all 2. Embrace it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Son of a rich man, would have been a night but he got hurt. Lived a life of luxury. Gave away all his possessions. Believed that sacraments were necessary which required the clergy. Serve the superior, love your neighbor. Do not pass judgment. Had many followers. Helped Church in that St. Francis followed the life of Imitatio Christi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Religious orders who depend directly on charity of the people for their livelihood. Cannot own property and must take a vow of poverty. Role was to integrate Imitatio Christi into Church practices, absorbing the threat it posed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Return of Classical antiquity thought: Homer, Reason, humanism. Faith +Reason = Scholasticism. |
|
|
Term
| St. Thoams Aquinas and Thomist Philosophy |
|
Definition
| Two types of revelation: natural and supernatural. Reason and revelation are not contradictory but rather complimentary. Any contradictions that exist do not stem from God but rather from human imperfection. Reason should not be feared because it comes from God and so examining the natural world is a way of exalting God. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| killed 1 in 2 Europeans. Jews seen as responsible and persecuted and killed for a while. Some embraced the death, others hid inside, while some ran to the countries. Separation of families. People who ran married, had sex, drank. Live like there was no tomorrow (Boccacio’s Decameron) |
|
|
Term
| Avignon Papacy (1305-1378) |
|
Definition
| Papacy moved to Avignon, palace must be built so indulgences are sold. Now can pay for absolution of sins. Simony: church positions can be bought. Marsilius of Padua text saying Church is a spiritual institution. Second Babylonian Captivity. Pope Gregory ends Babylonian Captivity and goes to Rome to see if it is stable enough to bring back the papacy. He is killed on the trip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| someone who can see the future/spoken through by a spirit |
|
|
Term
| Hundred Years War (1337-1453) |
|
Definition
Most of war takes place in France
-Siege of Calais- Gun powder and cannons used. End of Chivalry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beginning of serf rebellion, scarce labor because of plague, plague caused people to think differently, Hundred Years War caused a lot of suffering to serfs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
End of Chivalry: Redundancy of the Medieval Knight and by extension the society of orders. Peasant Rebellions: Similar consequence—illustrates the breakdown of the feudal order and by extension the breakdown of feudalism. The Birth of National Consciousness: The protracted French-English conflict led to the beginnings of a sense of national identity.
- The fading of the medieval -Decline/Break-up of Christendom: Heresy, Plague (1348), The Great Schism (1378). Decline of Feudalism: Plague, Hundred Years War (1337-1453) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bruni was a leading humanist and historian in Renaissance Florence a wrote a history of the Florentine people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Italian scholar and poet who was an early humanist. Often called the Father of Humanism. Must use reason to move forward and progress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Renaissance Man, good at everything. |
|
|
Term
| Renaissance art vs. Medieval art |
|
Definition
| Mona Lisa: perspective, people can think what they want about the picture. Can think for themselves and have a personal interpretation. Medieval art: tells a story, very straightforward. |
|
|
Term
| Johannes Von Gutenberg (1400-1468) |
|
Definition
| and the invention of the printing press (ca. earlier version dates to 1436 but Gutenberg improved it sometime between 1450-1455 and we’re going to use 1453. Gutenberg Bible, could be printed instead of hand written. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| End of Byzantine Empire. Represents last institution of classical antiquity. No middle ages, but has been shrinking through the years, now considerably small. Constantine XI- last Roman (Byzantine) emperor. Mehmed the Conqueror (Ottoman Sultan) conquers Constantinople. Cuts off Europe and traders from traveling through Byzantine Empire. Leads to Age of Exploration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Idea of remission of sin came from the pope during reconquista. Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella I of Castille (The most Catholic of Rulers). Leads to Christopher Columbus and finding of new heathens. |
|
|
Term
| -The Spanish Inquistion (1478-1834) – |
|
Definition
| Jews and Muslims found and tortured. Alhambra Decree (1492): Epulsion of Jews from Spain. |
|
|
