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- 1400-1530: Rebirth of classics of old world (Greek and Roman times)
- Abondenment of medieval theologically religious questions.
- More focus on human concerns than godly concerns. Less of a study of God (theology) and more of the relationship that God and man had.
- Large focus on individualism; do what you need to get what you want.
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Developed in Germany by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other important protestants.
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Came as a result from the abuses of the Catholic church such as simony (selling positions), absenteeism (church positions filled by wrong people) and selling of induglences (buying your way to heaven)
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religious movement that argued traditional Catholic beliefs; created schism between the two religions
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significant because it was a period of time in which major relgions such as Lutheranism and Calvinism were established
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- Created by Martin Luther. Posted on the church of whittenburgs door. Argued selling of indulgences (Luther said buying your way into heaven is wrong/not possible)
- Pope learned about Luther's claims. Ordered him come to Rome on counts of heresy.
- Luther declined Popes commands to come to Rome. Significant because it made Luther a symbol of resistance to the Catholic church's policies and rules.
- This caused an excuse for Lutheran princes to seize land in Northern Germany and Scandinavia.
- Luther translated the Bible into German when he was excommunicated with the Catholic church by the Pope. In short he transformed the Catholic churches in Germany into Lutheran churches.
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- Established the end of Catholic vs. Lutheran war. It was a compromise.
- "Who's region, who's religion"
- Subjects, citizens, or residents who did not wish to conform to the Prince's religion of their region were given the choice to either emigrate or conform religiously.
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- Founder of Calvinism and author of "The Institutes of Christian Religion"
- Established predestination, the belief that God decides who is given the gift of faith (a.k.a. God chooses who goes to heaven, "The Elect," regardless of that person's actions)
- Significant because Calvinism challenged traditional human culture but convincing his followers that they don't need to live with a lot of money or material things which played huge role in Protestant Reformation
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Responsible for creating Anglicanism, which is the 3rd protestant religion that branched out from the Catholic church. Started own religion because he wanted to divorce his wives (6 of them) without it being frowned upon.
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Declares himself supreme religious figure of England Catholicism, Pope just has reign over every other country. Pope can have everything but Henry wants England.
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Refused to send any collected Church money to Rome, causing him to be excommunicated from Catholicism.
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Wrote in defense of seven sacraments, does give Pope title of being ultimate keeper of faith.
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Started because the main formation to the Council of Trent.
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Period of major change and variance in the fundamental beliefs of Christianity.
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Was a religious revolt against the Protestant Reformation. Regained religious power, land lost to Protestants. Catholics reestablished themselves as the dominant religion.
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Significance: re-energized the Catholic Church, halted the spread of Protestantism and even recovered some areas that had become Protestant for the Catholic Church.
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Start of the Catholic Reformation.
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Church’s most important council.
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Meant to strengthen the Catholic church as a whole.
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These individuals met annually and relied on faith and works (bible and tradition) to get into heaven. Supports free will and says pope is on top, supreme head of church.
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Opposes Calvins "predestination". Ramify that faith and works gets you into Heaven.
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Purpose was to reform society using reason, rather than faith. It advanced through empirical knowledge.
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The end of the enlightenment marked the start of the French Revolution.
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Non-Christian humanism began by having people personally seek God by way of reason. - Understanding man with no connection to God. Understood man with a connection to nature and society.
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Significance: Religions like Calvinism and Lutheranism arose, creating alternatives to the standard of Catholicism.
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- French philosophers who greatly supported enlightenment; archenemies of Catholic Church
- Believed they needed to "light the dark" in the world that was submerged in myth and superstition
- Want to destroy ignorance with weapons of knowledge and reason
- Significant because introduced the idea of empirical thinking in which people exercise reason to solve their problems rather than turn to the Bible for advice
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- BIG philosoph
- Began empirical thinking inspired by John Locke and Isaac Newton, wrote "Principles of Newton's Philosophy"
- Significant because he wrote Candide, book was pivotal to events of the 18th century in which he discusses how he is torn between his previous optimistic spin on the world and his newly pessimistic view
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- Method of discovering the truth through experience and observation
- Philosophs believed it was key method to discovering truth
- Significant because inspired philosophers such as John Locke to develop inductive thinking; the belief that one is born without ideas and then induces them through life experiences
- Also significant because methods such as the inductive method were driving forces of the Englightenment
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- Philosoph belief that God may exist but he is not a "personal God" where he comes down everyday and helps people individually
- Significant because key aspect of Christian humanism, theory that was more focused on humans' relationship with God rather than human existence
- Christian humanism was a central theory of philosophs
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- known as "greatest king of France"
- very centralized; didn't want to lose power among aristocrats so built Palace of Versailles
- Used PoV as courthouse and to "domesticate" aristocrats; gain power by weakening and defeating aristocracy
- significant because he loved black weiners and GDIs
- actions set Enlightenment in motion
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- King of France while country was in debt from Louis 14th and 15th
- wanted to impose tax without losing favor with people
- had the Estates General impose taxes so it seemed more government initiated
- significant because taxation brought France out of debt but caused division among the masses and sparked French Revolution
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- Way to legitimately and leniently raise taxes (brought forth by Louis 16th)
- Proposed solutions to his government's financial problems; created an "inescapable" situation as the three estates clashed over their respective powers.
- Significance: brought to an end when many members of the Third Estate (commoners) formed themselves into a national assembly, signaling the outbreak of the French Revolution.
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- Worried that only one vote would be given per estate. Feared 1st and 2nd estate's would gang up/out vote them: 2 to 1.
- Delayed providing credentials/trial voting, causing liberal clergymen to join in support.
- Produced the national assembly, and stated they were the representation of France (97% total population)
- Significance: Louis 16th nominated 3rd estate to be "voice of France" instead of himself, the king, giving large portion of power away, starting the French Revolution.
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- Bastille was a prison
- In response to Louis 16th formation of his personal 20,000 man army, a crowd of members from the National Assembly approached Bastille to cofiscate the weapons they thought were being housed inside
- When the guards denied having any weapons, the crowd invaded the fortress and a massacre began
- Significance: proved that the commoners/peasants could come together and rise up against the French military. Inspired other commoners to align.
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen |
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- Proclaimed law of france:
- no more kings or monarchy establishes that they need government.
- No special exceptions for Kings or aristocrats on taxing. You're taxed on your wealth.
- People have right to liberty, property, and security.
- Significance: gave same rights to all citizens regardless of socio-economic status as well as solidified National Assembly's independence from France
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| The Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) |
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- Declares all church property in France now government owned.
- All clergy are now public/civil/state servants to France.
- As state employees, they will be paid by the state.
- All revenues collected will go to state.
- All priests, nuns, monks must take loyalty oath. Half of clergy refused to sign oath. They were then "forced" to leave France but didn't.
- *The priests that refused to sign the oath and were in hiding (50%):
- created an underground church
- were enemies of liberalism (churchs took conserv behavior)
- Alienated Pope which advised all Catholics to resent liberalism
- Civil Constitution responsible for loss of support towards the Catholic church.
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- Most radical/popular club of the revolution that represented the interests of the lower class, and firmly believed in the need to remove all social class distinctions.
- Believed that the government should be providing for the welfare of the poor.
- Wanted to: 1- "Need" to go to war to spread "good" to other countries. Thought they were doing right and good and wanted to spread it. 2- pushed for more equality (heavy tax on rich to spread $ to poor.) 3- force fake low price controls for food and bread to help low class.
- Significance: Protected the Revolution from home-grown threats of counter-revolutionaries. Jacobins destroyed existing order without putting anything in its place, leading to A Reign of Terror.
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- First European universal man draft into French army started by Jacobins obtaining 1,200,000 men.
- Significance: When France initiated war with Austria and Russia they began to start losing. This is when they initiated the Lev'ee-en-masse. This created a total mobilization of France and stopped the Austrian and Russia invasion. It pushed them into German territory.
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| Reign of Terror (1793-1794) |
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- Designed to fight the enemies of the revolution, to prevent counter-revolution from gaining ground. Most of the people rounded up were not aristocrats, but ordinary people. These French people would be imprisoned or killed for criticizing the revolutionary government.
- The radical Jacobins, the supporters of Robespierre, come to feel that the Terror must be stopped because he's gone too far. Robespierre was deforming what they stood for, causing them to arrest and guillotine him the next day.
- Significance: French learned it was possible to carry things too far.
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Head of committee of public safety. Came at peak of Reign of Terror.
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Fought for the poorest of the poor of French people. Enabled: broader regulation of prices- artificially low for benefit of poor, wanted free education for everyone. Wanted everybody to be an equal, eliminating social hierarchy.
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Most controversial figure that comes out of the French Revolution; declared an outlaw and guillotined.
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Significance: Radical and key figure for revolutionaries. His death signaled the beginning of the Thermadorian Reaction. Proved that the French went too far and outlawed
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| Thermidorian Reaction (The "Directory") |
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Happened after death of Robespierre.
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Directory was 5 men who owned property and restored priviledges of upper/middle class.
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Restored privileges of upper-middle class that was taken away by Robespierre.
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Weaknesses of “the directory”: very narrow base of social support (members of upperclass), put together questionable economic policies that helped few but not all, 5 leaders were committee people (there was no absolute leader).
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