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Western Civilization
introduction to western civilization
59
History
Undergraduate 2
03/17/2014

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Lutheranism
Definition

-Maintained some rituals of the catholic church

-changed other rituals to reflect thier beliefs

Conservative stable reform attracted german princes

Term
zwinglianism
Definition

Led by Ulrich Zwingli in Zurich, Switzerland

Abolished catholic Lithurgy and rituals, anything not supported in the scripture.

Term
Marburg Colloquy 1529
Definition

Split between luther and zwingli over the eucharist

consubstantiation vs memorialization

Anabaptists-Most radical group to emerge

baptists,hutterites and mennonites

Munster 1534- brought down by a siege of catholic forces

Term

Transubstantiation

&

Consubstantiation

Definition

Bread and wine turns into flesh and blood of jesus christ

 

Luther believed that flesh,blood,bread and wine were present.

Term

Calvinism

&

John Calvin

Definition

Born in france but settled in geneva switzerland

people in geneva lived under his strict control

Believed in predestination i.e God has decided if we were going to heaven or hell regardless of our behaviour.

founder of ecclesiastical ordinance: every citizen must attend church 5 times a week and on sunday.

Term
Catherine de'Medici
Definition

Mother of Charles IX

she was regent to charles IX i.e power behind the throne

partly responsible for starting the french wars of religion

because charles was only 10 years old

Attempted to murder Admiral Louis de coligny because she felt he was a threat to the throne.

Term
The slave Trade
Definition

__________Factories were established in Africa

During the 16th century 250,000 were brought to the new world

20% perished in the middle passage

by the 19th century 12million had been brought from africa

was abolished in britain in 1833 and 1865 in the USA.

Term
Louis XIV
Definition

French nobles (the fronde) made an uprising that challeneged his throne

He was guided by Cardinal Mazarin

Taught the art of using rituals and ceremony to secure his throne

constructed the palace of versailles that could house 10,000 people\Described as the "sun king" cos he shone brighter than everyone else. l'etat c'est moi

Term
30 years war(Bohemian phase)
Definition

With increasing pressure from the hasburgs, they revolted and crowned frederick V of the palatinate who was referred to as the king of winter because he didnt last a year in office king.

Ferdinand II tried to reconvert his territory and he sent in troops to enforce his rule. frederick didnt attend the battle cos he was hungover.

Term

30 years war (danish and swedish phase)

Foriegn involvement

Definition

Christian IV of denmark wanted greater control over the baltic sea ports. he proved no match for the Holy Roman Empire.

Gustavus Adolphus of sweden had a disciplined army.

Term
30 years war (french phase)
Definition
Instigated by cardinal richelieu who aimed at increasing the prestige of the french court, He entered the war on the side of the swedish and germans because they were catholic at that time. There was no decisive victory at this stage of the war.
Term
30 years war (peace of westphalia)
Definition
Allowed the austrians to maintain control of the hereditary lands and allowed german princes to to follow thier religions and foriegn policies. Aim was to make a realistic settlement that took into account religious and political problems.
Term
30 YEARS WAR (CONSEQUENCES)
Definition

Short term: left the economy and countryside in ruins

nobles increased taxes on peasants in order to pay for the war

unemployed marauding soldiers looted countryside

Long term: Increased toleration

Increased centralization of states.

Term
Estates General
Definition

Summoned by king louis XVI after 175 years.

They represented 3 different groups:

First estate: clergy;less than 1% of the population

Second estate: Nobles less than 2% of the population

Third estate: Peasants, urban laborers and Bourgeoisie

Term
Reign of terror
Definition

A period during the revolution under the rulership of the national convetion when the comittee of public safety dominated by ropesbierre and jacobin cndemned 40,000 people labelled as enemies of revolution to death. it ended when robespierre himself was charged and executed as an enemy of the revolution.

Term
Agricultural Revolution
Definition

Led to an increase in the amount of land under cultivation

consolidated land holdings

selective breeding of livestock

application of scientific agriculture

jethro tull-helped bring about the british agricultural revolution

Term
Thermidorian Reaction
Definition

A period when robespierre was beheaded by his former colleagues

also a governmental structure called the "directory" was set up. It contained 2 legislative councils an excutive branch of 5 directors and it was plagued by political instability.

Term
The scientific Revolution
Definition

also called the century of genius

northern europe was centre of this development

 

Term
Galileo Galilie
Definition

built telescope to view a lager universe in 1609

proved the earlier theories of copernicus

evidence that it was a sun centred universe

was forced to renounce his views in order to avoid torture

shared his work in latin,italian and vernacular

Term
Sir francis bacon
Definition

an english politician as well as a scientist

championed observation and inductive reasoning

norvum organum

Term
sir isaac newton
Definition

viewed that the physical world was guided by mathematical principles

he developed the rules of physics

discovered the idea of gravity

he experimented with optics

wrote the book principa mathematicia ( what keeps the earth in motion and why does something fall.

Term
Rene descartes
Definition

french mathematician

celebrated the power of human reason

"i think therefore i am"

Term
indulgences
Definition
a practice done by people in the roman catholic church when a sin is committed
Term
penance
Definition
paying fo a sin we committed after confessing them eg saying 50 lords prayers etc
Term
purgatory
Definition
a torture meted out to sinners until they have completely paid for thier sins and are ready to enter the kingdom of heaven
Term
Council of Trent
Definition

called by pope paul II in order to combat some issues presented by the protestants in 1545.

They affirmed essential roles of priesthood and sacraments

ordered strict observance of clerical vows& condemned the selling of church offices.

assured that there would be no reconciliation between catholics and protestants.

Term
Thomas Jefferson
Definition

Declared independence in america in 1776

was third president of the united states

was a spokesman for democracy

and embraced republicanism.

played a big role in the American Revolution

Term

The Jesuits or

The society of jesus

Definition

founded in 1540

by ignatius loyola who was a spanish nobleman who was wounded in batlle which led to a spiritual awakening.

it was organized on a military model

"The spiritual exercises" was a book on his meditations on sin and the life of christ.Followers had increased to a 1000 men at time of death.

Term
The inquisition
Definition
was first used in the 13th century to detect heretics.
Term
The spanish Inquisition
Definition

ferdinand and issabella were the most catholics of the monarchs so they expelled jews and muslims. and anyone was acuused was guilty until proven innocent

and thier properties were confisicated

they used violent torture methods to get confessions.

Term
War of the three henries
Definition
was between Henry III, Henry duke of guise and henry of navarre. navarre was protestant and he became king, the duke of guise who was catholic wasnt very happy. Henry III killed the duke of guise. A monk killed Henry III. Leaving Henry of Navarre to take the throne and become Henry IV
Term
Edict of Nantes
Definition

established by Henry IV

allowed huguenots to worship[ in private houses and designated towns . this leads to the end of the wars of religion.

Term
Philip II if spain
Definition

Member of the hasburg family

his empire included spain,portugal,netherlands,milan,naples,claims to america, africa and the crowns of france of england.

he was a fanatic defender of the cathlic faith

Term
Henry VIII
Definition

wanted an annulment of his marriage to catherine of aragon because she didnt have a male child.

Act of supremacy: he made himself the head of the church instead of the pope

Term
Mary tudor
Definition

daughter of catherine of aragon

was a devout catholic and aimed to restore catholicisim

she married philip III from spain

died childless

Term
what cities are part of the holy roman empire
Definition
Germany,Hungary, Austria
Term
The peace of Augsburg 1555
Definition

cuius regio, eius religio

the religion of the prince is the religion of the people.

The choice of the prince decides the religion of the territory

Term
Cardinal Richelieu
Definition

was appointed by louis XIII in 1624

Ruled france for 18 years.

had 3 main goals:

i)defeat the huguenots:because he was catholic he confined them to one town

ii) Quell the nobility: changed the form of government.

iii) Restore prestige of france in the world: by increasing military might,cultural dominance

Term
The peace of alais
Definition
A peace treaty that allowed freedom to protestants but forbade them to build fortified towns
Term
Intendants
Definition
A centralized,bureaucratic,professional government set up by richelieu
Term
Jean Baptiste Colbert
Definition

A french politician 

served under louis XIV as minister of finance

was recommended by cardinal mazarin

 

Term
Mercantilism
Definition
A favourable balance of trade: encouraging exports while discouraging imports.
Term
Triennial Act 1640
Definition
Obliged the king to summon the parliament at least once every 3 years.
Term
Grand Remonstrance
Definition
Summary of all the parliaments complaints against the king. Mainly he was moving the country back to catholicism
Term
Ivan the teribble
Definition

Was pathologically imbalanced

He executed more than 10,000 people.

Russia descended into the time of troubles after his death

Term
Peter the great
Definition

was about 7ft tall

He encouraged industrialization and created new structures for government.

From his reign foward russia became a main factor in european history

Term
Malleus Maleficarum
Definition

A book published by two monks it contained facts about witchcraft. claimed that witches got together on thursdays. Most accusations occured in places were chaos and warefare had recently occured.

The scapegoats were mostly single elderly women

Term
Witch Craze in salem, Massachusetts
Definition
execution of a large numbe rof people. Acusations would not have occured if bothe peasants and the roman catholic church didnt believe that witches existed.
Term
Carl linnaeus
Definition
A swede who developed a system of classification for biology
Term
Antoine Lavoisier
Definition
A french chemist who later bacame father of modern chemistry. studied gases and elements
Term
benjamin franklin
Definition
Experimented with electricity
Term
John Locke
Definition

a british philosopher

wrote an essay concerning human understanding

wrote two treatsies of government and the "social compact"

Term
Montesquieu
Definition

A french lawyer

wrote "the spirit of laws"- No one structure of government suited all countries. He said a system of government should relate to the size of the country.

Term
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Definition
Man in his state of nature was at his most dignifying. wrote the social contract- Tried to reconcile the liberty of the individual with the necessity of political systems
Term
Tabular Rasa
Definition
Individuals were born with a mind on a blank slate.
Term
encyclopedia
Definition

was first edited by Denis diderot

First published in 1751 in france

Contained essays from many great thinkers

Term
Laissez Faire Economics
Definition

introduced by adam smith.

He argued that individual interests naturally harmonized with the interests of the society as a whole.

Inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations.

Term
Napoleon Bonaparte
Definition

Born in Corsica

Attended a military college in france

Was ruthlessly ambitious

put down a parisian mob in october of 1795

Married josephine gaining connection to the directory

Term
the great awakening
Definition
several periods of religious revival in american religious history
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