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Definition
-Maintained some rituals of the catholic church
-changed other rituals to reflect thier beliefs
Conservative stable reform attracted german princes |
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Led by Ulrich Zwingli in Zurich, Switzerland
Abolished catholic Lithurgy and rituals, anything not supported in the scripture. |
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Split between luther and zwingli over the eucharist
consubstantiation vs memorialization
Anabaptists-Most radical group to emerge
baptists,hutterites and mennonites
Munster 1534- brought down by a siege of catholic forces |
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Transubstantiation
&
Consubstantiation |
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Definition
Bread and wine turns into flesh and blood of jesus christ
Luther believed that flesh,blood,bread and wine were present. |
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Definition
Born in france but settled in geneva switzerland
people in geneva lived under his strict control
Believed in predestination i.e God has decided if we were going to heaven or hell regardless of our behaviour.
founder of ecclesiastical ordinance: every citizen must attend church 5 times a week and on sunday. |
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Definition
Mother of Charles IX
she was regent to charles IX i.e power behind the throne
partly responsible for starting the french wars of religion
because charles was only 10 years old
Attempted to murder Admiral Louis de coligny because she felt he was a threat to the throne. |
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Definition
__________Factories were established in Africa
During the 16th century 250,000 were brought to the new world
20% perished in the middle passage
by the 19th century 12million had been brought from africa
was abolished in britain in 1833 and 1865 in the USA. |
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Definition
French nobles (the fronde) made an uprising that challeneged his throne
He was guided by Cardinal Mazarin
Taught the art of using rituals and ceremony to secure his throne
constructed the palace of versailles that could house 10,000 people\Described as the "sun king" cos he shone brighter than everyone else. l'etat c'est moi |
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Term
30 years war(Bohemian phase) |
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Definition
With increasing pressure from the hasburgs, they revolted and crowned frederick V of the palatinate who was referred to as the king of winter because he didnt last a year in office king.
Ferdinand II tried to reconvert his territory and he sent in troops to enforce his rule. frederick didnt attend the battle cos he was hungover. |
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30 years war (danish and swedish phase)
Foriegn involvement |
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Definition
Christian IV of denmark wanted greater control over the baltic sea ports. he proved no match for the Holy Roman Empire.
Gustavus Adolphus of sweden had a disciplined army. |
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Term
30 years war (french phase) |
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Definition
Instigated by cardinal richelieu who aimed at increasing the prestige of the french court, He entered the war on the side of the swedish and germans because they were catholic at that time. There was no decisive victory at this stage of the war. |
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Term
30 years war (peace of westphalia) |
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Definition
Allowed the austrians to maintain control of the hereditary lands and allowed german princes to to follow thier religions and foriegn policies. Aim was to make a realistic settlement that took into account religious and political problems. |
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Term
30 YEARS WAR (CONSEQUENCES) |
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Definition
Short term: left the economy and countryside in ruins
nobles increased taxes on peasants in order to pay for the war
unemployed marauding soldiers looted countryside
Long term: Increased toleration
Increased centralization of states. |
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Term
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Definition
Summoned by king louis XVI after 175 years.
They represented 3 different groups:
First estate: clergy;less than 1% of the population
Second estate: Nobles less than 2% of the population
Third estate: Peasants, urban laborers and Bourgeoisie |
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Term
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Definition
A period during the revolution under the rulership of the national convetion when the comittee of public safety dominated by ropesbierre and jacobin cndemned 40,000 people labelled as enemies of revolution to death. it ended when robespierre himself was charged and executed as an enemy of the revolution. |
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Definition
Led to an increase in the amount of land under cultivation
consolidated land holdings
selective breeding of livestock
application of scientific agriculture
jethro tull-helped bring about the british agricultural revolution |
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Term
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Definition
A period when robespierre was beheaded by his former colleagues
also a governmental structure called the "directory" was set up. It contained 2 legislative councils an excutive branch of 5 directors and it was plagued by political instability. |
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Term
The scientific Revolution |
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Definition
also called the century of genius
northern europe was centre of this development
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Term
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Definition
built telescope to view a lager universe in 1609
proved the earlier theories of copernicus
evidence that it was a sun centred universe
was forced to renounce his views in order to avoid torture
shared his work in latin,italian and vernacular |
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Definition
an english politician as well as a scientist
championed observation and inductive reasoning
norvum organum |
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Definition
viewed that the physical world was guided by mathematical principles
he developed the rules of physics
discovered the idea of gravity
he experimented with optics
wrote the book principa mathematicia ( what keeps the earth in motion and why does something fall. |
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Definition
french mathematician
celebrated the power of human reason
"i think therefore i am" |
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Definition
a practice done by people in the roman catholic church when a sin is committed |
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Term
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Definition
paying fo a sin we committed after confessing them eg saying 50 lords prayers etc |
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Definition
a torture meted out to sinners until they have completely paid for thier sins and are ready to enter the kingdom of heaven |
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Definition
called by pope paul II in order to combat some issues presented by the protestants in 1545.
They affirmed essential roles of priesthood and sacraments
ordered strict observance of clerical vows& condemned the selling of church offices.
assured that there would be no reconciliation between catholics and protestants. |
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Term
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Definition
Declared independence in america in 1776
was third president of the united states
was a spokesman for democracy
and embraced republicanism.
played a big role in the American Revolution |
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Term
The Jesuits or
The society of jesus |
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Definition
founded in 1540
by ignatius loyola who was a spanish nobleman who was wounded in batlle which led to a spiritual awakening.
it was organized on a military model
"The spiritual exercises" was a book on his meditations on sin and the life of christ.Followers had increased to a 1000 men at time of death. |
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Definition
was first used in the 13th century to detect heretics. |
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Term
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Definition
ferdinand and issabella were the most catholics of the monarchs so they expelled jews and muslims. and anyone was acuused was guilty until proven innocent
and thier properties were confisicated
they used violent torture methods to get confessions. |
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Definition
was between Henry III, Henry duke of guise and henry of navarre. navarre was protestant and he became king, the duke of guise who was catholic wasnt very happy. Henry III killed the duke of guise. A monk killed Henry III. Leaving Henry of Navarre to take the throne and become Henry IV |
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Definition
established by Henry IV
allowed huguenots to worship[ in private houses and designated towns . this leads to the end of the wars of religion. |
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Term
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Definition
Member of the hasburg family
his empire included spain,portugal,netherlands,milan,naples,claims to america, africa and the crowns of france of england.
he was a fanatic defender of the cathlic faith |
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Term
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Definition
wanted an annulment of his marriage to catherine of aragon because she didnt have a male child.
Act of supremacy: he made himself the head of the church instead of the pope |
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Definition
daughter of catherine of aragon
was a devout catholic and aimed to restore catholicisim
she married philip III from spain
died childless |
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Term
what cities are part of the holy roman empire |
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Definition
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Term
The peace of Augsburg 1555 |
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Definition
cuius regio, eius religio
the religion of the prince is the religion of the people.
The choice of the prince decides the religion of the territory |
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Term
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Definition
was appointed by louis XIII in 1624
Ruled france for 18 years.
had 3 main goals:
i)defeat the huguenots:because he was catholic he confined them to one town
ii) Quell the nobility: changed the form of government.
iii) Restore prestige of france in the world: by increasing military might,cultural dominance |
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Definition
A peace treaty that allowed freedom to protestants but forbade them to build fortified towns |
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Definition
A centralized,bureaucratic,professional government set up by richelieu |
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Definition
A french politician
served under louis XIV as minister of finance
was recommended by cardinal mazarin
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Definition
A favourable balance of trade: encouraging exports while discouraging imports. |
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Definition
Obliged the king to summon the parliament at least once every 3 years. |
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Summary of all the parliaments complaints against the king. Mainly he was moving the country back to catholicism |
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Definition
Was pathologically imbalanced
He executed more than 10,000 people.
Russia descended into the time of troubles after his death |
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Definition
was about 7ft tall
He encouraged industrialization and created new structures for government.
From his reign foward russia became a main factor in european history |
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Definition
A book published by two monks it contained facts about witchcraft. claimed that witches got together on thursdays. Most accusations occured in places were chaos and warefare had recently occured.
The scapegoats were mostly single elderly women |
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Term
Witch Craze in salem, Massachusetts |
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Definition
execution of a large numbe rof people. Acusations would not have occured if bothe peasants and the roman catholic church didnt believe that witches existed. |
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Definition
A swede who developed a system of classification for biology |
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Definition
A french chemist who later bacame father of modern chemistry. studied gases and elements |
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Definition
Experimented with electricity |
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Definition
a british philosopher
wrote an essay concerning human understanding
wrote two treatsies of government and the "social compact" |
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Definition
A french lawyer
wrote "the spirit of laws"- No one structure of government suited all countries. He said a system of government should relate to the size of the country. |
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Definition
Man in his state of nature was at his most dignifying. wrote the social contract- Tried to reconcile the liberty of the individual with the necessity of political systems |
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Definition
Individuals were born with a mind on a blank slate. |
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Term
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Definition
was first edited by Denis diderot
First published in 1751 in france
Contained essays from many great thinkers |
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Definition
introduced by adam smith.
He argued that individual interests naturally harmonized with the interests of the society as a whole.
Inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. |
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Term
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Definition
Born in Corsica
Attended a military college in france
Was ruthlessly ambitious
put down a parisian mob in october of 1795
Married josephine gaining connection to the directory |
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Definition
several periods of religious revival in american religious history |
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