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| Two of the great centers of Sumerian culture, the first historical society. They shared a common culture, language and religion. The Sumerian community recoginized many gods and each city viewed itself as the property of one particular god. This created competition among the cities. |
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| A book written about a king of Uruk named Gilgamesh known as a great warrior (lugal) who became very powerful. He kept the men away at war so long, his people prayed to the gods for relief and the gods created a wild man named Enkidu to chanllenge him. Gilgamesch and Enkidu instead became friends. |
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| A young ruler from Babylon who used intellect and strategy rather than wage war on others to gain power. babylon was a weak kingdom and he utimately expanded his rule from the Persian Gulf into Assyria. |
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| A set of laws published by the king and set up through the Babylonian Empire to influence and serve justice to the urban society. They provided stern punishments for violation. |
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| A great pyramid built for pharaoh Khufu. The solid pyramd was 481 feet high and 756 feet along each side, constructed of 2.3 million limestone blocks and topped with a gold capstone. The pyramid was built by peasant workers willingly to please their god. |
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| The sister of pharoah Thutmose II who was his queen. Thutmose III was born to another wife of the pharoah and was still a child when Thutmose II died. Hatshepsut declared herself to be pharoah portraying herself masculine in pictures and ruled with Thutmose III for twenty years. |
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| A pharoah that changed his name to Akhenaten and built a new capital by the same name. He influenced the worship from many gods to just the life-giving power of light embodied by Aten. |
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| Rulers of the districts (nomes) ancient Egypt was divided into. Nomarchs had considerable power. |
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| The Book of the Dead was a description of the ancient Egyptian conception of the afterlife and a collection of hymns, spells, and instructions to allow the deceased to pass through obstacles in the afterlife. |
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| King Solomon reigned from 973 to 937 BCE. Writers called this the golden age for the hebrews. He was a ruthless ruler who taxed the people and built a great temple and fleet of shipped. He made the farmers work for him 4 months of the year to support his building. |
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| The hebrew god who gave the original tablets of law to Moses on Mount Sinai. |
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| The greatest of all the Assyrian kings. He had a strong military and ruled the entire delta region of Egypt. He looked for ways to rule other than with weapons and was an enlightened king. |
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| A ruthless Chaldean king that captured Jerusalem in 587 BCE. He destroyed the temple and exiled tens of thousands of Hebrews to Babylon. The excile was known in Jewish history as the Babylonian Captivity. |
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A persian prince who invaded
Babylon abd allowed the Hebrews to return to Israel. He also allowed many freedoms in religon making Presian rule a welcome change. |
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| The next ruler of Persia after Cyrus. He divded the empire into provinces called satrapies, each run by a satrap. He built a royal residence and expanded the road system to enhance trade. |
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| Persia's religious legacy. It was one of the three major religions (Judism, Buddhism & Zoroastrianism) before Chistianity. It's founder was Zoroaster who taught that there was one supreme god called Ahura-Mazda the "Wise Lord". |
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| Homer wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, epic poems describing the heroic ideals of the Greek Dark Age. Competition and staus led to violence, but also created hero cults in religon. |
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| A great philosopher who believed Athens was being corrupted by the Sophists. He was sentenced to death by his county and died drinking a cup of poison. |
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| A student of Socrates who cleared up his teachings after his death. He laid the groundwork for present day philosophical thinking. |
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| A student of Plato who believed the highest good was when the human mind and body were functioning in harmony. |
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| A series of wars over 20 years between the Persia and Greece that finally ended in the Persians burning Athens in 477 BCE. It was a turning point in Greek history and started the Classical (golden) age of Greece. |
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| A war between Athens and Sparta where the ruler of Athens brought akll of the people within the walls of the city. The crowded conditions caused an epedemic that killed over one third of the people. |
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| A Macedonian king who won a string of startling victories. He died at 33 after becoming ill with Malaria systems and did not follow doctors advise. |
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| Alexander the Great's father and king of Macedonia. He turned the country army into a well-armed fighting machine. He also captured gold mines during his early reign that funded the build up of his army. |
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| Two elected officials that replaced the king in Rome. They served a one-year term and had full power, but one could veto the other. In this case, the senate would decide. |
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| The conflict between Rome and Cartage in the third centry BCE consisting of three wars. It eventually ended in a massacre of the Carthaginians with the surviors being sold into slavery. |
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| A Carthaginian commander who brought a Spanish army with war elephants through southern France and Italy. |
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| The leader of the Spanish army that defeated Hannibal in the second Punic war. He was honored with the additiobnal named "Africanus" meaning the conqueror of Africa. |
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| A powerful friend of Julius Caesar who formed an alliance with Octavian (Caesars nephew) and another of Caesars friends Lepidus to crush those responsible for Caesars murder. He went on to form and alliance with Cleopatra. |
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| Julius Caesars newphew and heir. After forming an alliance with Marc Anthony (Caesars friend), Anthony went on to join with Cleopatra and jealously created a power struggle. Octavian's forces defeated Anthony and Cleopatra who later committed suicide. |
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| Octavian was called Augustus once he was ruler of Rome. Rome enjoyed two centuries of peace, prosperity, and stability as a result of his reforms. |
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| The Julio-Claudian Emperors |
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| A soldier in the Roman Empire who ruled as Emperor from 284 to 305 BCU. His reforms restored majesty and prestige to the emperorship and laid the foundation for subsequent Roman authority. |
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| The son of one of the caesars that succended Dioletian who emerged and ruled as augustus. He built a new capital and named it Constantinople. |
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| Goths which settled in southern Gaul and Spain where they established a Visigothic kingdom. |
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