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western civilization
bowler's final exam
247
History
Graduate
04/11/2009
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Term
minos, minoan
 Definition
• Ruled by king Minos
Term
crete: knossos
 Definition
Crete, 2500-1350 BC
• Crete was advanced civilization with a capital in Knossos.
Term
daedelus
 Definition
• Daedelus built a labrynth to keep the minotaur in.
• Dadelus wants to escape because minos wants to kill him and so he makes wings for him and his son
Term
pasiphae
 Definition
• Queen was Pasiphae, who had sex with a bull and popped out the minotaur.
Term
theseus;ariadne
 Definition
• Thesus was Athenian Hero who wanted to save the youth.
• Ariande gave him yarn and a sword. He defeats it and they sail off together and he dumps her.
Term
mycenae
 Definition
Greek Civilization:
• Begins in Crete, the transfer to mainland
• Capital is Miceny – ‘Micenian.
• 1100-800 Greek Dark Ages
Term
dorians
 Definition
Sparta:
• Settled by Dorians
Term
homer
 Definition
• Two main poems at the time are
o Illiad – 9 year siege
o The oddessy – 10 year travels home from the Trojan Way of Odysseus.
Term
acropolis
 Definition
• Acropolis = high city, high point location of original settlement.
Term
agora
 Definition
• Agora = market place
Term
sparta
 Definition
• Settled by Dorians
• Purpose is to create a warrior elite
• Three classes
Term
homoioi
 Definition
o Hamoioi – the peers (10%)
 Elite warrior class, sat on necks of other 90%
Term
perioikoi
 Definition
o Periokoi – the Neighbors (70%)
 People who lived around them. Usually did skilled labour
Term
helots
 Definition
o Helots – the slaves (20%)
 Farmed the territory, usually series of villages, not cities
Term
krypteia
 Definition
o Secret police who would spy on fellow Spartans and helots. They would identify intelligent and self motivated helots and kill them.
 Leads to annual war on helots
Term
hoplites
 Definition
• Warrior Elite
• Wore Scarlet cloaks
• They fought in Armour
• They trained naked, maybe with the shield
• Had helmets with a crest
o Identifying feature
o Shock absorber
• Had a Lamda Sheild
o Lamda – Λ
 Greek letter L, name for themselves
• Essential they don’t break formation
Term
lycurgus
 Definition
spartan ruler who said to never marry the locals
Term
draco
 Definition
• 621 Draco is chief Archon
• Harsh ruler
• Tried to solve the social problems by cracking down on them.
• Punishment for any crime was death.
• If you fell into debt you were put into debt slavery
Term
solon
 Definition
• Archon in 594.
• Makes new constitution
• Abolished Debt slavery
• Allowed political power to wealthy people of all classes.
Term
people of the plains, hills, and coast
 Definition
• People of the plains, hills, coast
o People of plains were rich farmers
o People of hills the poor farmers.
o The town is by the coast
Term
peisistratos
 Definition
• Peisistratus (r. 546-527) 561 BC
o Most successful tyrant
o Exiles wealthy class leaders, gives people illusion he’s ruling for them
o Lets exiled enemies keep wealth so they don’t come after him.
Term
hippias
 Definition
• Hippias and Hipparchus 527-514
o Sons of Peisistratus
o For 15 years rule like their father
Term
hipparchus
 Definition
Hipparchus
• Insults family of Harmodius
• Harmodius and his lover assassinate him in 514
o Harmodius and Aristogeitos were the killers
o They were gay, greeks ok with relationship between old guy and young boy but not when they were both older. Odd like that.
• Harmodius and Aristogeitos were caught and executed.
• Harmodius and Aristogeitos get reputation as assasins that restore liberty
Term
cleisthenes
 Definition
• 507 - Invents Athens Democracy
• Makes new constitution
• Democracy
o Rule of the People
Term
deme
 Definition
o Demes
 Voting group
 Each deme gets certain amount of votes in the council of 500
Term
ostracism
 Definition
• Ostracism
o Political term, keeps Athens from turning into a tyranny again.
o Vote is taken on someone who is too popular
 Name written on an ostrakon
• Ostrakon = shard of Pottery
 The person is exiled for 10 years
 No shame in it or financial penelty
Term
council of 500
 Definition
• Coucil of 500
o Serves as body for big issue
o Acts as jury for big trials
o Pool of people for selecting leaders.
Term
zeus
 Definition
jupiter
o Jove – Jovial
 Jupiter was always supposed to be laughing
Term
poseidon
 Definition
neptune
Term
pluto
 Definition
dis (hades) god of the underworld
Term
hera
 Definition
juno
*junoesque
Term
athena
 Definition
minerva god of wisdom
Term
ares
 Definition
mars god of war
Term
aphrodite
 Definition
venus
*venereal
Term
apollo
 Definition
still apollo. god of light healing and learning
Term
artemis
 Definition
diana

hunting?
Term
hermes
 Definition
mercury
quick. messanger of the gods.
Term
dionysos
 Definition
bacchus
god of furtility, growth. drukeness and good times.
Term
demeter
 Definition
ceres
springtime and rebirth
Term
delphic oracle
 Definition
• Oracle – source to consult about advice about the future
o Temple to Apollo from Delphi considered most powerful
o Considered to be center of the universe
o When someone made an offering the priestess would babble something
 Preist writes down what she said
 Answer is always right
 Answer is coded in some way
o Crisos says he will trust the oracle that tells him what he is doing an a certain time, the oracle from the temple of appollo from Delphi says he is making soup. i.e. she is the most trusted.
 Says a great empire will fall
• Ends up being greeks defeated by Persians
 People should trust in wooden walls
• Right answer is go escape on boats, not huddle in the acropolis.
Term
pythoness
 Definition
• Pythoness – priestess of oracle
Term
hubris
 Definition
o The gods punish hubris
 Hubris = swollen pride
Term
nemesis
 Definition
o Nemesis = vengeful fate
Term
thales of miletus
 Definition
• The sages of Miletus, 500 BC
o The sages were probably teacher and students
 Thales
• Said the universe was water
Term
anaximanes
 Definition
 Anaximanes
• Said the universe was air
Term
anaximander
 Definition
 Anaximander
• Said the universe was a boundless undifferentiated mass
• Wrote science texts
• Came up with idea of evolution and idea of map as a globe
Term
hippocrates
 Definition
• Hippocrates: 4 Humours
o Physician of the ancient world
o Human body had four liquids that related to four elements
 Blood
 Phlegm
 Yellow bile
 Black bile
Term
parmenides
 Definition
• Parmenides
o Change is illusion
 For there to be change there must be motion. For motion there must be nothingness. Nothingness can’t exist so therefore there can’t be change. It’s all an illusion.
 Notion of imperfect knowledge
• Can we trust our senses?
Term
heraclitus
 Definition
Is there Change?
• Heraclitus
o You can’t step into the same river twice
• The Greek world like Heraclitus’ ideas.
Term
moral relativity
 Definition
Sophism: Truth is Relative; no absolutes
Term
hedonism
 Definition
o Aristippus: hedonism, (hedone)
 He says that if there is no truth there are no absolutes, so we should all be pleasure seekers.
Term
protagoras
 Definition
o Protagoras: man is the measure of all things
Term
sophistry
 Definition
Sophism: Truth is Relative; no absolutes
• Sophists
o Protagoras: man is the measure of all things
o Aristippus: hedonism, (hedone)
 He says that if there is no truth there are no absolutes, so we should all be pleasure seekers.
• Will not tell you truth, only attractive and usefull things.
• Located in Athens.
• Taught people how to argue.
• Popular with young people, old people got pissed.
• Bad reputation
Term
socrates
 Definition
Socrates, 470-399
• Accused of sophism but opposed to it
• Teacher of plato
o The academy
• Decotrine of forms or ideas
• The republic: philosopher of kings
• Allegory of the cave
• Believed in absolutes but had sophist methods
• Got up everybodys noses.
o The people he’d make fun of would be upstanding citizens.
• Was a stone mason, unremarkable life until he got the urge to teach.
o Method was to ask questions
 The Socratic method
• Draws out answers by questioning.
• Never wrote a book, never sure exactly what he said
o Students wrote books about what he said.
• Will be killed for his ideas
• A lot of Socrates students were BAD politicians
o Put on trial for corrupting youth
o Death by hemlock.
o A good humoured death.
Term
plato
 Definition
Plato 427 – 347
• Was a rich kid
• Set up school called the academy
• Socrates was hero of all of plato’s books.
• Essence of plato and Socrates was Doctrine of Forms or Ideas
o Ideas more like ideals
• The Republic
o The Allegory of the Cave
 Someone trained in philosophy is the guy led out of the cave.
o There is a place beyond our senses inaccesable to senses.
 Accesable through philosophy, mind.
 Things in this realm are truth, justice, shapes things on earth.
• Cities and Republics would not be ok until philosophers were king.
o Idea of the utopia
Term
socratic method
 Definition
 The Socratic method
• Draws out answers by questioning.
Term
the republic, alegory of the cave
 Definition
• The Republic
o The Allegory of the Cave
 Someone trained in philosophy is the guy led out of the cave.
o There is a place beyond our senses inaccesable to senses.
 Accesable through philosophy, mind.
 Things in this realm are truth, justice, shapes things on earth.
• Cities and Republics would not be ok until philosophers were king.
o Idea of the utopia
Term
aristotle
 Definition
Aristotle, 384-322
• Studied under Plato until he died, was not picked as leader of the Academy
o Started The Lyceum
 School with different approach then Plato’s
• The great Classifier
• Invented Biology, metaphysics, political science, rules of logic and art theory.
• Teacher of Alexander the Great.
• Wrote three books of enormous influence
o Rules he set that people paid attention to for 2000 years.
 Nichomachean Ethics
• Did not say what was good, just describe what you see
 Politics
• On how countries organize themselves
o How many people govern?
o Who benefits?
• Divided into catagories:
o Monarchy,
o Aristocracy
o Polity
o Tyranny
o Oligarchy
 A few ruling for themselves
o Democracy
 Considered the worste
• Masses to help themselves
 Poetics
• Golden Mean: nothing to excess
Term
politics
 Definition
 Politics
• On how countries organize themselves
o How many people govern?
o Who benefits?
• Divided into catagories:
o Monarchy,
o Aristocracy
o Polity
o Tyranny
o Oligarchy
 A few ruling for themselves
o Democracy
 Considered the worste
• Masses to help themselves
Term
lyric poetry
 Definition
• Lyric Poetry – poetry of a lyre
o Three subjects
 Love
 Nature
 Alcohol
o Meant to be sung at pubs and home.
o Sappho of Lesbos
 Wrote love poems to young women
o Simoides
 Famous for his epitaph for memorial of Spartans at thermopoli
 “Passerby go tell the Spartans that here we lie obedient to their wishes”
Term
epic poetry
 Definition
• Epic Poetry
o Its for a warrior culture, so its all about warriors.
o Homer
 Illiad
 Odessy
Term
sappho
 Definition
o Sappho of Lesbos
 Wrote love poems to young women
Term
simonides
 Definition
 Famous for his epitaph for memorial of Spartans at thermopoli
 “Passerby go tell the Spartans that here we lie obedient to their wishes”
Term
aeschylus
 Definition
• Aeschylus
o Writes about what happens after the siege of troy
o The oresteia (the series of three plays)
 Agamemnon
• Agamemnon is king of Greece, comes back with a slave girl named Cassandra. Cursed by gods, only tells the truth but no one believes her. Ever. Clymnestra has been having affair. The end of this play.
 The libation bearers
 The furies
 Others plot is basically orestes is agamemnon’s son, kills mother and lover. His sister is electra. Orestes is pursued by the furies
o Agamemnon, Cassandra, clymnestra, orestes, electra
Term
oresteia
 Definition
o The oresteia (the series of three plays)
 Agamemnon
• Agamemnon is king of Greece, comes back with a slave girl named Cassandra. Cursed by gods, only tells the truth but no one believes her. Ever. Clymnestra has been having affair. The end of this play.
 The libation bearers
 The furies
 Others plot is basically orestes is agamemnon’s son, kills mother and lover. His sister is electra. Orestes is pursued by the furies
Term
euripedes
 Definition
Euripides
• His plays tend to center around women.
• Basically super depressing.
• Trojan Women
o Insanely sad
o Puts human face on enemy
o About Trojan women after the fall of troy
 Three women
• Queen and two princesses
• Hellen
o Bowler=bad at math
Term
medea
 Definition
• Medea
o Princess of land that has golden fleece
 Helps Jason steal it.
 Lives with Jason
 Has his kids
 He dumps her for newer model
 She kills her rival and children.
written by euripides
Term
sophocles
 Definition
• Sophocles
o Writes three plays about oedipus
Term
oedipus
 Definition
 Oedipus Rex
• A royal family of thebes. King and queen have prophecy that son will kill father and marry mother. So king has servant take kid away, but the kid gets adopted. He grows up not knowing identity. Late in life goes on a trip, sees the sphinx. The sphinxs eats people that can’t answer a riddle. Answers that one about people on 4 legs, then 2, then four. Sphinx gets so mad she kills herself. Recieed in thebes with great delight, made king of thebes because he unknowingly killed his father in some dispute. Married mother.
o Innocent of intent
o Gods punished him with a plague
o A prophet fills him in.
 His mother/wife kills herself
 He gouges his eyes out.
 Oedipus at Colonus
• He comes to colonus to die
• King thesius finds a place for him to do it.
 Antigone
• About what happens back in thebes to figure out the sucesion.
• Conflict between law of man and a higher law
Term
aristophanes
 Definition
• Aristophanes
• The Clouds
o A jab a socrates
• Lysistrata
o A story of a sex strike.
Term
ahuramazda
 Definition
god of light
Term
ahriman
 Definition
god of darkness
Term
zoroastrianism
 Definition
o Zorastrian dualism
 Ahuramazda – god of light
 Ahriman – god of darkness
Term
darius
 Definition
• Persians invade
o Led by Darius
o Knows a lot about greeks
 Gave refuge to wealthy exiled greeks
• Hippias
o With darius when they land at marathon
Term
xerxes
 Definition
• Xerxes
o Invades Greece in 480
 Army is much bigger
Term
marathon
 Definition
o With darius when they land at marathon
• Pheidippides
o Greeks are alarmed, send phedippides to run to Spartans for help
 Spartans tell him they’re on their own
o Runs there and back to Athens to tell them
 “you’re fucked guys”
o Promptly dies
 Distance from Athens to marathon the sports event.
Term
militaides
 Definition
• Miltiades
o In charge of Greek army
o Caught Persians by surprise
o Greeks have complete victory
Term
thermopylae
 Definition
• Thermopylae
o A rough narrow pass
o 300 spartans with their slaves, and thousands of other greeks go there.
Term
leonidas
 Definition
• Leonidas and 300 spartans
o After a few days leonidas sends away all but Spartans
 Knows its going to end badly for them.
 Was another city that stayed to fight with them. - thespia
o Betrayed by a local who gives Persians a way around.
Term
themistocles
 Definition
• Themistocles
o Tells xerxes he’ll sell out city
o Tells greek fleet to take Persians by surprise at Salamis
 Persians get walloped
 Persian fleet destroyed
• Caused problems for giving supplies to troops.
 Persians withdrawl
Term
salamis
 Definition
o Tells greek fleet to take Persians by surprise at Salamis
 Persians get walloped
 Persian fleet destroyed
• Caused problems for giving supplies to troops.
 Persians withdrawl
Term
delian league
 Definition
Delian League
• An alliance of independent cities commited to defeating the Persians.
o Essentially a bunch of cities paying for anthenian navy and rebuilding Athens
Term
pericles
 Definition
• Pericles
o Oration to the dead
o Dies soon into war
Term
peloponnesian war
 Definition
Peloponnesian War
• War between Sparta and Athens over who will rule the greek world.
• Athens is good on water
• Sparta is good on land
Term
alcibiades
 Definition
o Alcibiades (herms) – a leader in attacking syracuse
 Student of socrates
 Unscrupulous
 Adapts to Spartan way of life except….
• He had an affair with their queen and knocked her up.
o Ran back to Athens
 A few more victories
• Athens gets pissed at him again
o Runs away again.
Term
syracuse
 Definition
• Syracuse
o On paper an ally of Sparta
o Richest city in the mediteranian
o Alcibiades (herms) – a leader in attacking syracuse
Term
xenophon
 Definition
• Xenophon
o Student of Socrates
o Joins spartans
o Writes Anabasis
 About time in Persian empire
• March out of persia
 Had hired himself out as a mercenary
• Had signed up on side of cyrus.
• Cyrus lost
o His army trapped in the middle of Persian empire
Term
anabasis
 Definition
• Xenophon
o Student of Socrates
o Joins spartans
o Writes Anabasis
 About time in Persian empire
• March out of persia
 Had hired himself out as a mercenary
• Had signed up on side of cyrus.
• Cyrus lost
o His army trapped in the middle of Persian empire
Term
macedon
 Definition
• Macedon barely greek
o Rises in power because of silver mine.
o Philip makes macedon a big player.
o Builds army and expands southward.
o Buys out Delphi oracle.
Term
philip of macedon
 Definition
• Becomes regent then king
• Demosthenes
o Used to have funny elmer fudd voice but practiced to be Patrick stewart.
o Gives speeches warning against macedon
 Phillyipics
• Defeats greeks at Chaeronea
o Isn’t interested in conquest
 Wants to unite greeks.
 Turns on the Persian empire
• Forms confederation
o Most city states join in.
• Asian campaign begins
• Assassinated.
o By one of his own men.
o Greece ends up rebelling against macedon.
Term
alexander the great
 Definition
Alexander the Great
• Combines calvery with a different phallinx than greeks had
o Is enormously effective.
o People can’t get close enough to effect it.
• Burns thebes
o Spares the national port
o Greeks rejoin.
• Invades asia
• Defeats darius at issus
o Takes turkey
o Moves along coast gets lebenon
• Takes Egypt
• Invades india
o Greeks didn’t realize just how big india was.
o Reluctantly turns back.
• Dies in Babylon
o Either poisoned of some sort of fever.
• Kept it together in two ways
o Establishing new city
o Establishing a garrison
• Uses a Persian structure but he is in control.
• Charismatic, alchoholic, bisexual, possibly mad.
o Wanted to be a good.
• Wanted a new human with sophistication of asia with energy of the greek world
o Wanted soldiers to intermarry and produce halfbreed kids.
• He spurs the economy
o Empire falls apart with his death.
o Empire divided into three successor states.
Term
ptolemies, selucids
 Definition
• Egypt
o Potolemy
o Basically replaced Egyptian system
 Thin veneer of greek culture
• Persia & Middle East
o Basically replaces Persian system.
 Thin veneer of greek culture
o Seleucids
Term
antigonids
 Definition
• Greece
o Doesn’t do much.
o Antigones
Term
hellenism
 Definition
Hellenism
• Greek as international language
• Eclypse of Greece as political power
• Decline of democracy
o Failed experiment
• Rise of kingdoms
• New philosophies
Term
stoicism
 Definition
o Stoicism
 Proposes universal brotherhood.
 Indifference to pleasure or pain
 Master of emotions
 Becomes philosophy of roman ruling class
 Zeno
Term
epicureanism
 Definition
o Epicureanism
 Epicurus
 Looks for pleasure
• Not in the hedonistic way.
Term
romulus and remus
 Definition
Rome: Kingdom
• Rommulous and Remus
o Two brothers
 Rommulous kills remus
Term
senate
 Definition
• Senate: patricians
o Power held by the patricians.
o Senate is a council of elders.
Term
consul; tribune
 Definition
• Tribunes: veto
o Tribune is an upper class person who is the protector of the lower class.
o Can veto laws that are detriment to lower classes.
Term
patricians
 Definition
• Senate: patricians
o Power held by the patricians.
o Senate is a council of elders.
Term
plebian
 Definition
majority
Term
carthage
 Definition
• Phonecian colony
o Dominant in north Africa
• 264-41 first punic war
o Over sicily
 Sicily the first roman province.
• Second punic war
o Hannibal
 Launch invasion from spain, over alps.
 Has army of African war elephants.
 Defeats homeside but fails to capture rome.
 In 202 romans invade Africa.
o Scipio africanus,
 Zama
• He defeats Hannibal here.
• Carthage basically loses empire.
• Hannibal is exiled
o Romans eventually murder him.
• Cartago delenda est
o Cato
• Third Punic war
o Carthage really is destroyed after this one.
Term
hannibal
 Definition
o Hannibal
 Launch invasion from spain, over alps.
 Has army of African war elephants.
 Defeats homeside but fails to capture rome.
 In 202 romans invade Africa.
Term
scipio
 Definition
o Scipio africanus,
 Zama
• He defeats Hannibal here.
• Carthage basically loses empire.
• Hannibal is exiled
o Romans eventually murder him.
Term
provinces
 Definition
• Start of an empire
o Explotation of provinces
Term
gracchus brothers
 Definition
• Cracchi propose land reforms for poor
o Tiberius Gracchus
o Gaius Gracchus
 Both brothers understand the threes of mass of unemployed in rome. Wanted to give them land.
 Both killed off by enemies
Term
marius V sulla
 Definition
• Civil War : Marius V Sulla
o Sulla wins
• Sulla dictatorship & proscription
o Sets self up as dictator
o Has massacre of the ruling class
Term
pompey
 Definition
• 60 First triumvate
o Three man government
o Pompey: spain

o Pompey murdered in Egypt
 By rulers afraid of being brought in.
Term
caesar
 Definition
• 58-51 caesar wars in gaul & Britain
• 48 Crosses Rubicon
o Puts step into motion that can’t be t aken back.
o Alea iacta est
 The die is cast
o Pompey murdered in Egypt
 By rulers afraid of being brought in.
• Caesar in Egypt with Cleopatra
o Falls in love
o She was greek, married to her brother
o Caesar and her had children
o A very good political opportunity
• Dictator for 10 years
• Dictator for life
o People feel he’s one step away from being king
o Assassinated
 By leaders of a senate gang
• Brutus and crassius
• Deified
Term
crassus
 Definition
o Assassinated
 By leaders of a senate gang
• Brutus and crassius
killed casesar
Term
1st triumvate
 Definition
• 60 First triumvate
o Three man government
o Pompey: spain
o Crassus: Eastern frontier
 Killed on Persian frontier
o Julius Caesar: Gaul
• These wars were basically the upper class fighting for supremecy and thus wealthy
Term
cleopatra
 Definition
o She was greek, married to her brother
o Caesar and her had children
o A very good political opportunity
Term
brutus, cassius
 Definition
killed caesar
Term
2nd triumvirate
 Definition
Second Triumvirate
• Marcus Lepidus
o Marcus Lepidus doesn’t amount to anything really
• Marc Antony
o Goes to Egypt to revive an alliance
o Also has kids with cleopatra
• Octavian Caesar
• Battle of Actium
o Battle finished off antony basically
o Within year A & C kill themselves
• Death of antony and Cleopatra
o Supremecy of Octavian
Term
antony
 Definition
• Marc Antony
o Goes to Egypt to revive an alliance
o Also has kids with cleopatra
Term
lepidus
 Definition
Second Triumvirate
• Marcus Lepidus
o Marcus Lepidus doesn’t amount to anything really
Term
octavian - augustus
 Definition
Octavian = Augustus
• Princeps – what augustus called his title.
o Principate
 A fake republic
 Lasts for about 200 years
 Expands borders north into germany
Term
princeps; principate
 Definition
• Princeps – what augustus called his title.
o Principate
 A fake republic
 Lasts for about 200 years
 Expands borders north into germany
Term
tiberius
 Definition
• Tiberius
o Middle aged when he gets to power
o Addicted to fortune tellers, and occasional murderer pervert, etc.
o Retires to Capri, end up hating rome.
o Sejanus
 Leader of the Praetorian Guard
 Temporarly weilds power
• Tries to divorce his wife to marry one of tiberius’ relative
• Sejanus and entire family is killed.
o His daughter is a virgin so they can’t kill her, so they rape her and then kill her.
 Shows that laws must be obeyed even when they’re terrible.
part of julian claudians
Term
caligula
 Definition
julian claudian

• Caligula
o Extremely corrupt
o Tells people he is really a god.
o Wants to marry a sister
 Kills one sister when she gets pregnant
o Wants invade Britain
 Leads army to the sea, decides to wage war on the ocean instead. Flails around a bit, calls it a victory, goes back to rome and demands a triumph after showing them the loot. (seashells). He gets one
o Too unpredictable
 Killed
Term
nero
 Definition
• Nero
o Marries Claudius’s daughter
o Comes into power, kills step brother
 Kills wife
 And second wife
 And eventually his mother with a whole lot of trouble.
o Fancied himself a great musician, poet, and athlete
 Won everything! Imagine that.
o Rome burns down and he supposedly played lyre while it happened
 Built palace on burnt out areas of downtown rome.
o Forced out of office and forced to commit suicide
o End of the Julio Claudians.
Term
vespasian
 Definition
Flavians
• Vespasian
o Decent, Moderate, Reluctant to spend money
o Not of royal birth at all
 Came to power in the army
o Invented pay toilets as a way to raise money
 Pecunia non olent – Money has no smell.
Term
pecunia non olent
 Definition
money has no smell - refering to inventing pay toilets
Term
julians
 Definition
emperors: augustus, tiberius, caligula, claudius, and ends with nero
Term
flavians
 Definition
emperors vaspasian, titus,ends with domitian
Term
marcus aurelius
 Definition
• Marcus Auerelius
o Philosopher , highly intelligent, great general
o Two defects
 Pursecuted Christians
 Ended the adoptive principle.
Term
commodus
 Definition
• Commodus
o A very bad choice.
o Hooked on gladiator contests
 Thought he was Hercules.
 Had a gladiator girlfriend ‘Amazonia’
o Eventually killed in tub by fitness instructor.
Term
diocletian reforms
 Definition
Diocletian reforms
• Tetrarchy: rule of four
o Empire too large to be ruled by one person.
• Eastern and Roman Emperors
o Each has capital close to borders near trouble spots.
• East and West Caesars.
o To solve problem of succession each emperor picks a junior emperor called a Caesar
• Freeze Economy
• Reform Army
• Elevate emperor to dominus et dues
o The dominate
• Eliminate Christianity.
Term
the dominate
 Definition
• Elevate emperor to dominus et dues
o The dominate
Term
tetrarchy
 Definition
• Tetrarchy: rule of four
o Empire too large to be ruled by one person.
• Eastern and Roman Emperors
o Each has capital close to borders near trouble spots.
• East and West Caesars.
o To solve problem of succession each emperor picks a junior emperor called a Caesar
Term
constantine
 Definition
first christian emperor of rome.
Term
justinian
 Definition
Byzantium
• Justinian
o Came to power at a good time, borders were at peace
• Reconquest of the west
o Belisarius
o Retakes North afria, sicily, italy, and southern spain.
o Sets up a regional capital in Ravenna.
o Too ambitious and barbarians put up fights.
Term
justinian code
 Definition
• Justinian code
o Reworking of roman law
o Asks lawyers to take all of roman law that dated back to the kings and create new modern law code out of it.
o Three Books
 The law itself
 A book of precidents that could serve to guide lawyers and judges
 A book on principle of law, how it should work.
Term
heraclius
 Definition
• Smuggled army deep into Persian empire
o Defeats Persian army in 627 at battle of Nineveh.
• Persians take Jerusalem
• Avars besiege Constantinople
o Barbarian horde attacking constantinple from eastern side
• Battle of Nineveh
Term
nineveh
 Definition
• Battle of Nineveh
Heraclius
Term
mohammed
 Definition
Mohammed
• Koran
o Message he received from angel.
o Message was absolute monotheism.
 Jesus was a prophet, message to mohammed to be the clearest and last.
Term
hegira
 Definition
• Hegira
o Mecca to medina
o Forced to flee mecca, live in medina.
o 622 beginning point for muslim calendar.
Term
st. anthony
 Definition
• St Anthony
o First monk
o He witnessed the exchange between jesus and rich young man, jesus tells man to give up all his possessions to the poor. St. Anthony sold his farm, gave provisions to his sisters and gave up money to live a life alone of prayer and denial of pleasures.
Term
simon stylites
 Definition
• Simon stylites
o Lived on top of a pillar for his entire life.
 People would listen to him preach and would send foor up to him.
o The idea grew up that if you want to withdrawl, do so, but in communities so you’re not a parasite.
Term
benedictine rule
 Definition
 Life governed by prayer
 A simple and healthy life, no private property,
 Listed things a monk could keep.
 Also said monks should be doing useful work.
Term
carolingian
 Definition
Carolingian
• Charles Martel, Mayor of the Palace
Carolingian Kings
• Question to Pope Zacharius
o In 750 martel’s son, pippin, asks the pope if the person who has the most power should have the throne.
 Pippin gets go ahead to overthrow the king.
Carolingian Emperor
• Charlemagne, king 768
o Expands Frankish kingdom
Term
pepin
 Definition
• Question to Pope Zacharius
o In 750 martel’s son, peppin, asks the pope if the person who has the most power should have the throne.
 Pippin gets go ahead to overthrow the king.
• Childeric III deposed
o Made a monk
• St. Bonafice crowns peppin the short
o First king of the Carolingian dynasty.
• Donation from Pippin creates the papal states.
o This is how peppin pays back the pope.
Term
tours
 Definition
 Muslim army invades france. Army is sent to tour, met outside town by Frankish army.
• Martel wins
 Battle has symbolism
• Resistance of west to Islamic expansion
• More important in legend then reality
Term
charles martel
 Definition
• Charles Martel, Mayor of the Palace
o Major domo
o A cruel head of state
o Eventually got all the power
Term
charlemagne
 Definition
• Charlemagne, king 768
o Expands Frankish kingdom
 Mostly eastwards into germany
 Makes them Christian at the same time. Or he kills them.
 Christianization eventually civilizes Europe.
o Carolingian renaissance
 Tries to sponsor revival of western civilization.
• Schools open
• Artists iported
• Stone masonry
• Literacy encouraged.
o Crowned emperor on Christmas 800.
 At this point pope is definitely turning its back on Byzantium.
o Relys on local goveners to control Kindom.
 Keeps eye on far off goveners he sends out officials
 Missi Dominici – sent from the lord
• One is a trusted soldier
o Checks out law, army, etc
• One is a monk
o Looks at taxes, how Christianity is preached.
• Always places where the missi dominici doesn’t know anyone.
 Centrifugal Feudalism
Term
feudalism
 Definition
• Feudalism
o Purpose: to obtain military service and administration in the region.
o Method: land to reward service and recipricol promises
 Homage: lord promises to be a good leader, vassal promises to obey him if he is a good lord. Will serve him.
• Hands placed in lords hands.
 Vassal
 Subinfeudation
• Process of dividing up the land.
o Military arrangement
Term
vassal
 Definition
 Homage: lord promises to be a good leader, vassal promises to obey him if he is a good lord. Will serve him.
• Hands placed in lords hands.
 Vassal
Term
pornocracy
 Definition
• Pornocracy = rule of the prostitutes
o Lords/kings set up local church leaders. This is called lay investiture.
Term
cluny
 Definition
o A monastery set up by a local duke. Charter said it was responsible only to the pope.
o Starts to clean up church, takes vows seriously.
Term
lay investiture
 Definition
o Lords/kings set up local church leaders. This is called lay investiture.
Term
crusade
 Definition
o Series of campaigs against enemies of Christianity.
 In 1070’s the byzantine emperor lost territory to muslims, and asked for knighs/mercenaries. The pope wanted to drive back islam. Good way to get rid of knights.
Term
great chain of being
 Definition
Great chains of being
1. angels
2. humans
3. animals
4. plants
5. inanimate objects
6. mater
Term
ptolematic osmology
 Definition
Medeival Cosmos
Created hierarchical and useful
• Created
o There will be light
• Hierarchical
o Own place
• Useful
o Own purpose
Term
excellences
 Definition
Excellences – everything has one
• Plants = growth
• Rocks = durability
• Humans = learning
Term
4 humors
 Definition
o Human body had four liquids that related to four elements
 Blood
 Phlegm
 Yellow bile
 Black bile
o Medicine was keeping the four elements in balance
o Good humour = healthy
o Bad humour = unhealthy
Term
thomas aquinas
 Definition
Thomas Aquinas 1225 – 74
• Italian Monk, Nobleman/extremely high rank. Rewrites catholic theology. Reconciles Aristotle with Christianity
o No conflict between faith and reason – the universe is rational and thus its natural laws can be studied.
• Science: “Natural Philosophy”
Term
peter the hermit
 Definition
• Peoples’ Crusade
o Ordinary illiterate people catch crusade fever. ~100,000 people coalese into group led by peter the hermit and walter sans avoir. Start walking towards holy land towards Constantinople. Massacred by the turks.
o Peter the Hermit & Walter sans Avoir (penniless?)
Term
children's crusades
 Definition
Children’s Crusade 1212
Only pure of heart allowed to recapture Jerusalem.
• Two Columns
o Nicholas: Germany to Italy
 His army starves to death.
o Stephane de Cloyes
 Got to coast, got on ships, but were taken to be sold into slavery.
• Scholarly Doubt
o Very little record of it. Some scholars don’t believe in it. There were later crusades but they were all disasterous.
Term
templars
 Definition
• Templar – warrior monk, wore red cross on white background.
Term
hospitallers
 Definition
• Hoppitallers – warrior monk. Wore black cross on white.
Term
papal states
 Definition
– land conquered by the crusade and divided up.
o Jerusalem
o Edessa
o Tripoli
o Antioch
Term
indulgencecs
 Definition
if you die on crusdae you go straight to heaven
Term
excommunication
 Definition
bans them from the church - basically damns them to hell
Term
dominicans
 Definition
o Dominicans: St. Dominic Guzman (1170-1226)
 He was a Spaniard. He encountered the cathars which inspired his view of a simple life and made an order or preachers.
 Domini Canes – hounds of god
 O.P
Term
franciscans
 Definition
o Franciscans: st francis of Assisi (1182-1226)
 He grew up rich, a party guy, had a religious experience and started taking it seriously. Talked to people about jesus and gave away his stuff.
 Friars minor “O.F.M” (order of the friars minor)
• Little brothers.
 Stigmata
• He received the stigmata, and died a young man.
Term
canon law
 Definition
• Canon law
o Faster cheaper and more honest than secular courts
o Church law governs many family and buisiness dealings
o Clerical exemption from secular courts
 Benefit of clergy.
• No priest can be tired in secular court. Church doesn’t have the death penalty so its in your benefit to be a priest.
• Criminals would claim they were a priest, if they could read/write they’d be ok. Figure out verses the sheriff would use to test it.
Term
boniface VIII
 Definition
• Boniface VIII (r. 1294-1303)
o He was a lawyer, got the previous pope to resign, probably murdered him has quarrel with Philip iv of france and Edward I of England. Both were expanding the power of monarchy and were trying to tax the church in homelands.
Term
unam sanctum
 Definition
one holy
Term
philip IV
 Definition
o Philip IV “the fair” (r. 1285-1314)
Term
avignon
 Definition
• 1305 Clement V 1305-15
o Avingnon
o Babylonian Captivity (1305-78)
• 7 popes, all French
o In pocket of French king for 70 years.
• Rise in expenses; loss of papal states revenue
• Increase in church fees
Term
annates
 Definition
Fee to bishop to pay 1 years worth of revenue from that office. Bishop cracks down on people. Papacy shuffles bishops so they have to pay ew annate
Term
Edward III
 Definition
o New dynasty in france
 Salic law
• No woman can reign, and no woman can pass on rights to throne. Back up family tree for new leader.
 Valois: Philip VI 1328
• In 1328 the last of French monarchs die. Next in line is Edward III. Child of Edward II and French princess Isabella.
o Edward III’s ambitions; now claims france.
 Edward III invades france, a dynastic war.
Term
crecy
 Definition
• Battle of Cricy 1346
o Edward III and Black Prince
 English are greatly outnumbered, French are heavily armored cavalry.
o Appearance of new weaponry.
 Cannon
 Longbow
• Made out of yew wood, both a hard and soft wood.
• Arrows are a yard long.
o The English raid inland for a bit, fuck things up, and prove it to French that their king can’t defend them. In 1346 edward’s army is confronted.
Term
buboes
 Definition
swellings of blood and pus
• Blamed it on god being angry
• They cleaned up their act, tried to enforce laws
Term
flagellants
 Definition
• People who whipped themselves.
• If you can gets god’s attention and punish yourself, gd would show you mercy.
• Men pabnded together, vowed not to havesex, wash, and deaily presentations of prayer and flagellants. 33 days.
• These men stir up violence against jews and church.
Term
jacquerie
 Definition
Peasant Rebellions
• France 1358 – the jaquerie
o Clique name for peasant was jaque
o Taxes raised to pay for ransom, a very violent outburst against land owners. Easily put down.
Term
statue of labourers
 Definition
• 1351 statiute of laborers
o Parliament passed a law saying forget about plague stuff, you’ll get the wage you got in 1346.
Term
john ball
 Definition
o John ball – has no particular church, probably kicked out but keeps preaching. Sleeps under a hedge.
 He suggests a different way of thinking but they didn’t listen.
peasent revolt in englad 1381
Term
wat tyler
 Definition
o Wat tyler led the 1381 revolt. stabbed by william walworth when they go to meet the king.
Term
richard II
 Definition
o Meets with peasants in open field. Peasants on 3 sides, soldiers behind him. Something said and William Walworth stabs wat tyler. King rides towards peasants and says He’ll be the new leader, says they’ll get what they want. As soon as they’re out of London the peasants are killed.
Term
renaissance
 Definition
Rennaissance political though
• Early: loveof liberty and city state
o Tyranncide – murder of a tyrant
o “David” – valued because he killed giant (tyrant)
Renaissance art and architecture
• Rediscovery of perspective
• Classical and pagan themes
• Freestanding sculpture
Term
erasmus
 Definition
• Erasmus (1466-1536)
o Monk, witty writer
o In praise of folly – satire, criticized church practices.
o 1516 greek new testament
 He produced it, found the oldest greek manuscript he could find.
 Purist
Term
john colet
 Definition
• John Colet 1467-1519
o Historical interpretation
o Wanted to get back to the source of scripture. Went back to Hebrew and greek. Developed the ‘most pure’ copy of the bible – revolutionary.
o Said, when we look at scripture what did it mean at the time? This had been lost as a viewpoint over the years.
Term
9th sphere
 Definition
angel spins 9th sphere of the universe which puts all others into motion.
Term
Joseph Goebbels
 Definition
intellectual and propaganda genius
o Most useful assistant.
o Studies propaganda, understands arts of persuasion. Makes Nazis fantastic communicators.
Term
• Herman Goering
 Definition
war hero and playboy
o Biggest celebrity in the party. Flying ace in ww1, part of red baron’s flying circus. Drug addict, theif, etc.
Term
ernst roehm
 Definition
head of SA and pipeline to the army
o Right hand man for a long time. Army captain,
o Part of treaty of Versailles says that german army must virtually disappear. Germany army restricted to 100,000 men. In order to keep people from joining officers had to sign up for 25 years, no big weapons, etc. army interested in all these little groups, keeping an eye on them, etc.
Term
brown shirts/ SA
 Definition
hitler's goon squad
Term
rudolf hess
 Definition
student and party administrator
o Personal secretary.
Term
night of the long knives
 Definition
• Night of the Long Knives; SA leaders murdered; SS usurps top spot
o Hitler turns on closest supporters – night of the long knives
o Rounds up SA leaders and shoots them. Any other politician that he didn’t like that happened to be around that night was murdered aswell. SA now becomes unimportant.
o The SS – racial fanatics – come close to the top
Term
deutschland pact
 Definition
• Army agrees to “Deutschland Pact”: submission to hitler in return for crushing the SA and expanding the military
o Military largely controlled by the aristocracy who don’t like hitler, but he makes good promises. Has his own private army. Millions of them. Leader of brown shirts Ernst roehm is socialist, wants SA to become the german army. H
o Head of german army and hitler make a deal. Armed forces will recognize hitler, swear oath of personal loyalty to him, wear nazi party badge, in return hitler will expand military and get rid of SA
Term
blitzkrieg
 Definition
lightening war
Term
weimar republic
 Definition
Weakness of Weimar Republic
• Proportional representation; favours extreme parties and coalitions; little chance of majority government.
• Stigma of Treaty of Versailles and knife in the back
• Hyper inflation wipes out middle class
o Deeply embitters the middle class.
• Weimar republic associated with moral decline.
o Berlin had reputation for sexual immorality. Politicians can play against that.
Term
hyperinflation
 Definition
Weakness of Weimar Republic
• Proportional representation; favours extreme parties and coalitions; little chance of majority government.
• Stigma of Treaty of Versailles and knife in the back
• Hyper inflation wipes out middle class
o Deeply embitters the middle class.
• Weimar republic associated with moral decline.
o Berlin had reputation for sexual immorality. Politicians can play against that.
extremely steep rise in prices.
Term
reichstag fire
 Definition
• February 1933 Reichstag Fire terrifies the middle class who vote Hitler and the National Socialists into power on their own in March 1933. The beginning of the Nazi Revolution.
o They caught a dutch communist, probably mentally not entirely there, easy target, blamed for fire. Everybody thought that it was really hitler – everyone outside the country.
o Whatever it was the middle class was totally freaked out.
Term
dietrich bonhoeffer
 Definition
 Detric Bonhoeffer was a german Lutheran intellectual pastor. Very deep thinker, young man. He goes underground to keep training Christian theologians. He gets a job in new York. When war breaks out in 1939 he says he has to go back to germany. Torn between country and civilization. Can’tmake his decision in safety. Got mixed up in resistance to hitler, moved from pacifist to somewhat violence resistance to hitler. Executed in last days of war
Term
Sun Yat-sen
 Definition
o Western style democracy led by sun yat-sen who is a doctor trained in the west. Republic based on western principles was too weak. China was overrun with warlords opposing the government.
o After the death of sun yat-sen china will be divided between two claimants to national authority.
 One is sun yat-sen’s brother – nationalist china – Kuomintang – chiang kai-shek
 Up against communists led by mao.
Term
chiang kai-shek
 Definition
chiang kai-shek vs mao tse-tung.
Term
kuomintang (KMT)
 Definition
nationalist china, led by chiang kai-shek
Term
hiroshima; nagasaki
 Definition
August 6 1945 the allies drop a bomb on Hiroshima. A port city, a military target to some extent, but not the point. It hadn’t been bombed much. 70,000 killed immedietly and probably an equal number died of radiation poisoning over the next few years.. 3 days later a second bomb dropped on Nagasaki. First target was clouded over, so they went to Nagasaki instead. 40,000 immediet deaths. The Russians declare war on japan, still no move by the Japanese. They are split. The military wants to fight on others are no convinced. On
Term
iron curtain
 Definition
phrase spoken by churchill. divides eatern europe from rest of the work - communism
Term
tet offensive
 Definition
◦ Plan by North vietnam to end the war quickly
▪ draw US troops ad attention to the borders.
▪ Surprise attacks on cities to spark uprisings
▪ for the us a military victory and public relations defeat.
Term
mercantilism
 Definition
importane of bullion; zero sum economics
reduces trade barriers
excourages export of manufactures (not food)
discourages imports
olonies for raw materials and markets
regulation of industries and standards
improvestransporat system of roads and canals
Term
Charles II
 Definition
"carlos the enchanted" inbred freak royalty
Term
James I (VI)
 Definition
James VI of scotland, James I of england, only child of mary queen of scots. brought in to rule england because of noble blood.
Term
Charles I
 Definition
son of James I, decides not to let parliment push him around, doesn't call it for 11 years, "personal rule"
Term
Commonwealth
 Definition
repulican government that ruled england after civil war and regicide of charles I. 1649-53
Term
Oliver Cromwell
 Definition
english political leader who was "lord protector" after fall of charles I
Term
Charles II
 Definition
son of charles I put back in throne after fall of cromwell. ruled a long time, had lots of bastards
Term
restoration
 Definition
putting charles II back on the throne of england
Term
thomas hobbes
 Definition
wrote leviathin, political theorist
Term
leviathan
 Definition
written by thomas hobbes, about why people need government
Term
Rene Decartes
 Definition
introduces the deductive principle into science, wants to do away with past methods
Term
cogito ergo sum
 Definition
i think therefore i am
Term
inductive method
 Definition
drawing a conclusion from numerous small observations.
Term
francis bacon
 Definition
corrupt politician and scientist that introduces the deductive method. wrote novum organum
Term
Issac Newton
 Definition
combines bacon and decartes creates laws of physics, idea of god as watchmaker
Term
voltire
 Definition
a witty writer that wanted to bring down the catholic church, thought religion was useful but a lie.
Term
deism
 Definition
christianity without the christian god. a watchmaker/just god. religion emphasizing reason
Term
Denis Diderot
 Definition
wrote encyclopedia with two kinds of articles. scientific and social
Term
John Locke
 Definition
created idea of liberalism
Term
liberalism
 Definition
political rule marked by limited government and emphasis on individual rights. life liberty and property
Term
Jean Jacques Rousseau
 Definition
idea that people are born good and then corrupted by society. enourmously influencial
Term
baron de montesquieu
 Definition
had political idea of seperation of powers, judicial legislative and executive. anti-absolutism. highly influencial to the usa
Term
The Terror
 Definition
a time during the french revolution where the republic would kill all its enemies. guilt by class. 40,000 executed, 300,000 imprisoned.
Term
Charlotte Corday
 Definition
Stabbed Marat
Term
Robespierre
 Definition
leader of the french revolution.
Term
Danton
 Definition
leader of the french revolution who was executed by robespierre for being too moderate
Term
The thermadorean reaction
 Definition
robespierre and his followers arrested and executed.
Term
Grachus Babeuf
 Definition
had the social conspiracy of equals. first modern communist.
Term
conspiracy of equals
 Definition
led by grachus babeuf aimed at provoking an uprising by plebeian masses towards the bourgeois regime.
Term
The Directory
 Definition
he body of five directors that held power in france after the convention and before the consulate
Term
consulate
 Definition
period in which napoleon was the head consulate, a republican government.
Term
johann tetzel
 Definition
a dominican preacher known for selling indulgences
Term
95 theses
 Definition
95 topics of discussion written by luther that sparked the protestant reformation
Term
charles V
 Definition
holy roman emperor, called luther to the diet of worms.
Term
diet of worms
 Definition
a general assembly of the imperial states of the holy roman emperor in which martin luther was called to to stand trial for his ideas. luther stuck y his ideas when sumoned there.
Term
zwickau prophets
 Definition
religious people who came to wittenburg after luther preaching that the end was near.
Term
thomas muntzer
 Definition
an anti lutheran theologan and a leader during the peasant's war.
Term
german peasants war
 Definition
a popular revolt for both political and religious reasons. europe's largest before the french revolution.
Term
anabaptists
 Definition
fringe movement of the protestant reformation, members went through a second adult baptism which was illegal at the time of its creation.
Term
Munster (u umlout)
 Definition
the city that hosted the anabaptist rebellion during protestant reformation
Term
john calvin
 Definition
french theologin during protestant reformation. made 'calvinism'. wrote institutes of the christian religion.
Term
Henry VIII
 Definition
king of england, had six wives, started up the anglican church
Term
Catherine of Aragon
 Definition
first wife of Henry VIII, mother of queen mary
Term
Anne Boleyn
 Definition
second wife of henry VIII that he split from the catholic church for. mother of elizabeth.
Term
Thomas Cromwell
 Definition
Henry VIII's chief minister. important in english reformation. screwed the pooch when he picked anne of cleve's for henry's wife after anne boleyn.
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