arbitrary or unrestrained exercise of power

dictator

Cypelus (657-627) Fair Rule

Periander (627-585) Harsh Rule 7th c.

Corinth, Ancient Greece 

1. power rests in a small amount of people

2. 750-500 BCE Archaic Greece

3. Sparta

4. 2 kings- religious and military, figure heads, army generals

-Elders & Ephors- 28 men over age 60, 5 elected peers

a) Assembly of free adult males

b) power to amend decisions

~went farthest in supporting community values

~helots did all the work

~put obedience and discipline above individual needs

1.system of gov that gave equal political and legal rights to all males

2. Archaic age

3. Athens

4. Cleisthenes (500 BCE)

~father of athenian Democracy 

~direct participation of male citizens

~first time they got to think about the individual 

1.  Appointed mediator of Athens

2. Archaic age 594-546

3. Athens

~ democratic reform

~forgave slavery debt

~Ranking based on wealth not birth

~created a council

~ any male could bring charges on behalf of any victim

*gave citizens real share in judicial system

*exported olive oil help the economy 

1. ambitious politician (father of democracy)

2. Archaic period 500 BCE

3. Athens Greece 

~opened the way to an unprecendented way of life based on people persuading not compeling, each other to achieve common goals 

1. 1st Persian King who overthrew Median Rule by conquering babylon 

2. 557-530 BCE (persian empire)

3. Persia, Persian Empire last and greatest of the Near East

~Conquered babylon

~created empire

~had cultural and religious tolerance to the people who lived there

1. Royal Palace built by Darius

2. 515 BCE

3. Present day Iran, Persian Empire

~Authority 

~political Strategy

~Gateway to all lands

~Festival of Nawruz (tribute of nations, vernal equinox)

~Apandana (audience hall)

1. 2nd Persian king 

2. 522-486 BCE

3. persian empire western edge of india and west thrace and eastern edge of europe

~each region had to pay taxes 

~required regions to send people for royal army 

~his belief in their divine right to rule everyone would provoke great conflicts and the greek persian war

1. Successor, Darius's son

2. 486-465 BCE

3. Persia 

~ led a mammoth invasion of greece 

~their unexpected navel defeat  at salamis (480) and land at plataea and Mycale (479) ended the persian attempt to extend empire into europe

1. Persian religion based on teachings by Zarathustra/prophet

(Ahura Mazda-good and Ahriman- evil)

Humans were to choose between the 2

2. 11th-12 century

3. Persian Emprire (darius reign)

~lasting influence on ethical behavior.. especially hebrews

1. when ionian greek city-states tried to regain their independence by revolting against persia. Athens sent troops to help but a persian counterattack sent them fleeing

-when darius found out he was furious which started battle of marathons salve say "remember the athenians" 6400 persians dead 192 greeks dead marathons runners (army) ran back to gates of athens and persia left

2. 499-490 BCE (Greek Golden Age)

3. Marathon to Athen

Athens

~cultural icon for athens, athenian temple and Agora

~Navy Doubled, Citizen Army 

Persians

~1st defeat since before cyrus's empire

~revenge

1. infantrymen who wore metal body armor, carrying a large shield in one hand and wielding a spear in the other, demanding political rights

2. 480-479 BCE in use Golden Age 8th century

3. Sparta 

~helped created hellenic league 31 states w/ sparta leader

~made social elite share political power (supposely)

1. the alliance between Athens and city-states whose locations exposed them to persian retaliation. called Delian because its treasury was on island of delos 

2.477 BCE 

3. Greek Golden Age

~needed to have similar rival to persia 

~turned into Athenian empire when they were forced to make a tributes with ships and they stopped

~fleet had driven by 460 the enemy from the aegan sea no threat for 50 years

1. Sparta and Corinth league to go against Delian league (athens) Sparta infantry and corinth navy

2. 431-404 BCE

3. End of golden age

~rose because spartan leaders scared athens would use all naval power to destroy power 

~lasted for 27 years (pelloponnessian war) persia gave sparta money for last push

~athens finally surrendered after plague and loosing lots in 404

1. one of athens most socially prominent citizens, became the leading golden age politician by supporting the popular desire for greater democracy

2. 495-429 BCE

3. Greek Golden Age, Athens, Athenian Empire

~influencer of radical democracy

~made assembly pass laws increasing political power

~relected as general for 15 years in a row

*pay for service in public jobs filled by lottery, allowed poorer men to leave jobs and work in gov

1. Pericle's lover who bore him a son. brilliant with conversation and confidence

2. 470-400 BCE

3. Golden Age, Athens Greece

~one of the bold women who had a sense of freedom of speech 

1. *Direct leadership

a. random selection by lottery to public offices

b. term limits

c. shared power

d. pay for council of 500

~direct wide spread participation by male citizens, punishment for corruption, equal protection under the law, pay and random selection of jurors

*Selective leadership

a. elite citizens

~election rather than lottery, top officials selected every year, general elected every year, ulimited, pericles 15 X

*ephialtes reforms in 461 (judicial system)

a. jurors selected by lottery, octracism- expulsion from athens

2. 461-445 BCE

3. Athens greece, Golden Age

1. athens most expansive project ever on the rocky hill at the center of it. 

2. 447ish

3. Athens Greece, Golden Age

~most prominent new architectural monument, hupe temples 

~made statement about athenians pride and expectations for future

~stoas, temple of zeus, law courts, etc.

1. thirty tyrants that murderously suppressed the democratic opposition during an 8th month terror in 404-403 BCE

2. 404-403

3. Athens, End of golden age, Spartans people

~resistance movement arose to throw them out

~even after getting democracy back things werent the same a lot of civil wars, military and finacial shattered 

1. One of greece's most famous historians, wrote cotemporary history which is now called realism in PS (history of peloponessian war)

2. 455-399 BCE

3. Greece golden 

~power politics, not divine intervention, the primary force in history

~used his own memories to make it vivid

1. most famous philosopher of the golden age (new ideas on ethics)

2. 469-399 BCE

3. Athens Golden Age

~ ethics and justice contrast to sophist

sophist: didn't teach for money

~rejected that justice should be equated with the power to impose ones will on others

~justice is better than injustice in all circumstances

~teacher of criates who was the leader of thirty tyrant-led to death of socrates

~made plato and aristotle view democracy as bad

1. Socrates young friend, became philosopher after being sad 

2. 429-348 BCE

3. Classical Greece

~opened philisophical school lasted 900 years

~most famous philosopher in western civ. 

Ideal Republic "aristocracy" or "ruled by the best"

3 main classes of people

a. guardian (philosopher- king/tyrants)

b. auxiliaries (army and police)

c. producers 

1. Created a school for happiness. Taught everything, vast writings made him one of the most influential philosophers and scientists in western civ. Rules between proven arg and persuassive

2. 384-322 BCE 

3. Hellenistic society, Athens greece

~ruled by the best (classes of people)

a. guardians: wisdom, small amount, women or men

b. Auxilliaries: Courage, large #

c. Producers: largest #, farmers

~emphasized need to develop habits of just behavior and not just good intentions

~empirical-foundation of sciences

~some observations faulty- male: female disparity slave natural

~middle ages- deity= "prime mover"

1. Antigonous- anatolia, greece, macedonia

selecus- babylon to india

ptolemy- eygypt

attalid- philetareus (in anatolia)

2. 323-30 BCE

3. Hellenistic Kingdoms

~Personal monarchies

~called successor because they succeeded 

~reached a balance of power

1. social stratification

2. urban elite culture

3. elite and monarchical patronage

4. councils and assemblies under royal oversite

5. layers (mon, greek and mac, local elites, merchants or artists, slaves)

1. alter built by Eumenes II to show battle between giants and olypiam gods

2. 197-159 BCE

3. Attalid dynasty

1. ways of ancestors 

2. 753-44 BCE

3. Rise of rome 

~etruscan influence

~romans believe ancestors handed down their values so saw old as good and new as bad

~keys to roman greatness lay in preserving and cherishing ways of the past

1. power of the father ( over his children and slaves and legal ownership of all property aqquired by dependants. no son or daughter could accumilate money, posses anything with legal standing) also in extreme held power over life and death

2. 753-44 BCE

3. Rise of rome

~roman women had to grow up fast to accept duties

~male dominance

1. table IV.

a. if a father sell his son 3 times the son shall be free from his father 

b. a child born after ten months since the fathers death will not be admitted into legal inheritance

table v

a. females should remain in guardianship even when they have attained their majority

table xi

a. marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians

*core of roman law

2. 508-28 BCE

3. Roman Republic

~used a lot against plebeian class 

1. elected tribunes, very controversial, from a very famous elite family, won support by promising higher gov subsides for poor citizens

2. 133-44 BCE

3. destruction of the Roman Republic

~wanted to help the poor farmers and soldiers

~opponents resorted to murder

1. agrarian reform

2. power to popular assemblies

3. citizenship to latin communities

outcome-

senates authority lessened

plebian assembly as alternate center of power

equestrians and courts

allies-frustrated citizenship- social wars

*led to populares or optimates

1. supporters of common people

2. 120 BCE ish

3. destruction of the roman republic 

lucius cornelius sulla

~patrician

~political power: client armies, proscription

1. support of the best people

2. 107 BCE ish 

3. destruction of roman republic 

 Gaius Marius

~plebian tribune, equites class

~consul 107 bce

~proletarian troops: client army

1. Brilliant military person went on to rule everything but name, called most popular and adored among ordinary people in rome

2. 100-44 BCE

3. today france. Rome 

~strategical goal

~2 roman legions (10,000)

~british troops stronger

Roman britian

~2 classes of celts. 1. warriors 2. priests 

~murdered, rule outraged "best people"

*after murder the republic was lost by 44 BCE

1. a ptolemaic queen of egypt who had once allied with ceaser. Became lover to Mark Antony, both committed suicide

2.69-30 BCE

3. Roman Empire

*led to octavian being richest and unrivaled leader with the capture of egypt

1. restored the republic of rome and protected them like a caring father

2. 27-14 BCE

3. Creating the "roman peace" Restoration of republic"

~got special military powers and grented name augustus meaning "favored by gods" 

1. "first man" or honorary title for leading senate. Octavian Augustus used it to mask his monarchy

2. 27-14 BCE

3. Roman Empire

~came from principate for his new political system

~using this as his only title of office was a strategy

~"first man" guides rome based on the respect he had earned but he had no formal power than any other leader. by choosing that name he seemed as if he vauled that tradition but in reality he had taken control of the gov.

~principes- now today now as roman emperor

~previously no one could just both powers of consul and tribune

1. Highest priest

2. 12 BCE

3. Roman Empire

~Augustus Octavian took this took.

~highest honor in the religious world affecting religious matters affecting gov.

1. Roman Peace

2. 44-27 BCE

3. Roman Empire, roman britian

~some celtic loca self- gov. (urban and latin civ)

~Urbanization 1. colonaie (mil towns) 2. Municipium (cities) Civitas (capital british/celtic cantons or towns)

~london 15,000

~civitas 1,000

1. Roman Forum, at the center of the city of rome

2. 497 BCE? or time of augustus

3. Roman Empire

~ Victories over peoples, temples, senate house, memorials

~city square for people to go and gather for commercial, political, judicial, and religious pursuits

1. Station Sholdiers in rome itslef

2. 2 BCE

3. Roman Empire

~Augustus excercisng exterme power but making military a full-time profession

~troops prevented rebellion in the capital and provided imperical bodyguard

~visible reminder of emperors dominance

1. queen of british iceni tride who led an uprising agaisnt the occupying forces of the roman empire. British heroine

2. 61 CE

3. Roman conquest to lowland britian, British Iceni tribe

~Her daughters had been raped and left for dead.. wanted revenge

~ Killed 70,000 romans

~burned colchester, veralanium, london- all romans

~rome had eventual victory

~ either commited suicide or fell ill

1. 1st century roman-jewish historian, recorded jewish history

w/ emphasis on the 1st century AD jewish-roman war which resulted in the destruction of jerusalem

2. 37-100 AD, 1st century

3. Roman Empire, east and early christianity

~ reffered as a hellenistic judaism

~important works were the Jewish war (75 AD): recounts jewish revolt against roman occupation,  Antiquites of the jews (94 AD): recounts the history of the world form a jewish perspective for a roman audience

*gave insight into 1st century judiasm and background of early christianity

1. "uncovering the Future" 

2. 175-164 BCE

3. Emergance of christianity, Roman Empire

~christianity gave answers to jews in sorrow

~evil controlled the world now but however god and his agents would reval their plan by sending chris to win the great battle. Final judgment would follow, bringing eternal punishment to wicked and eternal reward to rightous

~inspired jews living in judaea  and later motivated christians and muslims

1. Dura- aramaic for fortress Europos- after bithplace of seleucid founder. a place of blending cultures

2. Macedonian Greek- 300 BCE Parthians 116 BCE Romans 160 CE

3. all of those periods

~blending of cultures

~ right on euphrates river

~great for trade

1. a mysterious god. Paintings in roman empire but no written text

2. 200 BCE

3. Roman Empire

~mithra slaying the bull was the center part of the cult

1. Eygyptian Goddess. Rep of kind compassionate goddess. Mother and wife matron and magic

2. 44-284 BCE

3. Eygypt, Nile, During Roman Empire time

~the cult of the goddess reveals how polytheism could provide believers with a religious experience damanding a moral way of life and arousing strong personal emotions.

1. From the philosopher Plotinus that gave traditional greek ideas new strength with his books on spiritual philosophy. Doctrines sprang from platos phiolosphy, influenced educated christians and polytheists.

2. 2nd century CE

3. Roman Empire

~centered on a human longing to return to the universal good from which human existence comes.

~human souls could rise to universal souls

~comfort through good and bad times

1. Roman Emperor, great military man from provinces, restored traditional values it time of need

2. 285-305 BCE

3.Fall of Rome, Roman Empire

~increased authority of emperor 

~ end of notion of princepes (autrocratic, eliminated power sharing with senate, son of jupiter)

~known as dominus "master"

~Great Persecution, 303 BCE

a. expelledd christians from posts

b. seized property

c. tore down church

~wage and price controls 301

~career restrictions

a. coloni (tenant farmer)- hereditary lifetime

b. curial (propertied class)- unpaid

Reoganization 293 BCE

reform of imperial rule

1. single political sphere

2. 4 spheres of influence

moved capital to no longer rome 

*civil war broke out soon after retirement in 305

1. Roman emperor took over after retirement of diocletian. in 4th century changed religion to christianity (officially)

2. 306-337 

3. 4th century

~took almost 20 years to eliminate rivals and civil war

~emperor as demi-god

~"greatest augustus"

~re-use of past monuments

~son god-sol favorite divinity

~free choice of religion

~*edict of Milan 313

1. free choice of religin given by constantine and licinius 

2. 313 

3. Roman Empire

~returned confiscated property and compensated the buyers

~blended christian day of rest and polytheistic beliefs- "Sunday"

1. The first council of christen bishops trying to reach a consensous church with all christians

2.325 AD

3. Roman Empire

~Nature of jesus

council condemmed writings of arius

nicene creed: son was "one in being with father"

1. Bishop of hippo, philosopher and theologist. Made writings that were very influencial in western christanity wrote about the concept of church as the "city of god" 

2. 413-426 AD

3. 5th century 

~christians not responsible for the sack of rome (410)

~Ideal state

1. bishop ambrose in milon that thought it was not right to make christian senators breathe in sacrifices at alter. (alter of victory- gold chalice showing defeat of cleopatra and antony by octavian) taken down by theodosis

2. 345-402

3. Africa provinces of rome, roman empire

~