(1483-1546)

He was a monk and a theology teacher but when younger was suppose to study law.

Martin was upset with the church but was extremely upset with a Dominican Friar named Johann Tetzel.  Tetzel was selling indulgences (remmission of sins) indiscriminately and the money was being sentback to the Catholic Church.   He decided to challenge the church's authority and began to spread pamphlets he wrote around.  The church made a law in response, the Papul Bull (1520).  It stated that Luther must recant his beliefs w/in 60 days or he would be punished.  Instead of recanting, Luther did not back down.  He threw the Papul Bull into a bonfire and called the Pope the antichrist.  The church could not get to Luther because he had the protection of the German princes and they encouraged him to keep writing.

Martin Luther wrote the Luthern Doctrine.  The doctrine states that:

1) salvation is based on faith alone

2) Bible is the sole source of religious authority - Catholic church didnt like this because they considered themselves the religious authority.

3) sacraments were baptism and communion

4) church services were no longer in Latin

5) priests can marry and incense/candles were no longer needed

6) Translation of Bible would be in vernacular language NOT in latin. Bible more accessible to people now.

1689-1725

7 foot tall and very energetic man.

Russia was isolated from the western world and had very little political interaction with world. Peter wanted to westernize Russia.Peter also wanted to have an absolutist state and ruled with a very heavy hand.  Peter enacted the Table of Ranks which classified nobility into military, administratitive and court catergories.  Nobility were sent away for 5 years to learn western ways.  He ordered that his people dress western, men had to cut their beardsand brought western arts to Russia.  Peter took control over the Russian Orthodox Church which included its money.  

Peter built a new capital city and named it St. Petersburg,  after himself.  97% of Russia's population were serfs.  Some were considered property.  Serfs paid heavy taxes and were forced to participate in the military.  Peter had a military of up to 200000 men.  Peter went to war with Sweden and received territory around

the Baltic Sea.  

1561-1626

Created the scientific method and stated that knowledge is power. He was a strict empiricist and believed things were based on ggradual induction.  His philosophy was that "you do not begin with doubt on top - you begin with certainity from the bottom.  He died from an experiment.

1666-1731

Born in England to a conservatist Royalist father.  She had no formal education but was tutored at home.  Her father died when she was 12, she was left with no dowry.  Wrote a book, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that advocated founding a school for girls to remedy the lack of education for women.  Also she believed that a woman had a right to be single.  Astell pointed out that according to bibilical law (Adam & Eve) that men dominate over women. She justified that if it were natural that men only rule then having a queen is unlawful and a sin. Argued that is absolutism sovereignty is not necessary then it shouldn't be acceptable at home either.  Women should have rights.

Wrote by Montesquieu in 1721.

Considered a best seller. Persian Letters was published anonymously and it had 10 printings in one year.  Book was

considered a big challenge to authority because it made fun of how governments worked in certain countries like France.  The book also made fun of king's and how they ruled and also ridiculed the pope.   

1723-1790

Adam Smith was a Scottish professor of philosophy.

Adam Smith believed that individual interests naturally harmonize with those of the whole society.  Believed that self-interest and greed was compatible with society's best interest.  He endorsed the theory of "Laissez- faire", to leave things alone and let the the economy work itself out.  He also wrote the "Wealth of nations" in 1776.  In his book he stated that individuals should be allowed to pursue their own wealth through commerce.  He believed that humans were rational enough to manage their own business.

1699-1777

Marie was raised by her grandmother and married off to a much older man at 14.  She began a Parisian salon after she was widowed.  She brought the most exciting thinkers and artists of her time.  She knew many influtential people across Europe.  This became a forum to discuss new ideas and a new way to establish intellectual contacts.  Philosophes could discuss their ideas, thoughts and opinions they couldnt do publicly which helped push public opinions in new directions.

Published between 1751-1772

Wrote and collaborated on by many enlightenment thinkers.

Their aim was to gather knowledge about science, religion, industry and society. They believed that by spreading this knowledge to people that it would encourage reform in every aspect of life.  

Wrote in 1774 by Johann Wolfgang van Goethe.

Was an immediate bestseller because it rebelled against of the optimism of the Enlightenment.  The book was meant to glorify emotions.  It was about a boy who falls in love but the woman he loves marries someone else.  He becomes so depressed that he kills himself.

1740-1786

Grew up having conflict with his father over interests and values.  Ran away as a boy with his best friend.  They were caught, jailed and his best friend was executed in front of him. His father wanted to teach him that Frederick was to fall in line for his country and his duties.

He hated german culture but enjoyed french culture. He corresponded often with Voltaire.  He believed in enilghtened absolutism.  He justified his rule because he believed it wasnt by divine right but because absolute rule would bring results.  He believed that an enlightened monarch would lead his people to have a more rational and moral existence.   Part of his reform was to have codified laws in Prussia, he abolished torture snd children 5-13 hadto go to school.

1704-1791

Oxford educated son of an Anglican cleric.  Wesley became disillusioned with the Anglican church.  He thought it was becoming too subservient with the government.  He created Methodism and the believe that people should have strict self-discipline and a methodical approach to religious study and observance.  Methodism is based on having humble faith, hard work, pure living and self-discipline.

1804

Unified and standardized laws.

Defined and ensured property rights.  Guaranteed religious liberty. Provided equal legal treatment for all adult males.  Code removed some rights for women. Not allowed to own property, women were the legal subject of men and it restricted their right to divorce. The major discrepancies between men and women were purposeful.  They were designed to reinforce the family and hold women responsible for their private virtue, while men were left to make all public decisions.

Created by the National Assembly in 1789.

The Declaration granted freedom of religion, freedom of the press, equality of taxation, and equality before the law. It also stated that the sovereignty beongs to the people of France and that a constitutional monarchy should be set in place. However, the rights only pertained to men as men of race and women were excluded.

Created in 1844 by Karl Marx.

They were regulations for factory workers.  It established  6 day work weeks, docked pay if workers were late, did not allow any conversation between workers, all workers must carry rules around and workers were not allowed to smoke or drink in the workplace.  If workers violated any of the rules then they were docked pay.