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| human civilization got started very slowly and during this time human beings built on the skills acquired by hominids earlier to make crude stone tools, refining them in the process |
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| the great king who followed Cyrus and Cambyses and who inherited the largest empire of the pre-Roman world that included Egypt; he tied it together with tolerant rule and good roads |
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| A people that had a population boom while in exile in Egypt and when a large enough see off again for its ancesral home in Canaan in an exodus that became the central events of their history |
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| A set of megaliths found in England that attest not only to a relatively high degree of civilization in the North early on but also to the remarkable sophistication of their astronomy |
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| The great river of the Bible along which grew up the earliest empires of the West; the Tigris formed the boundary of the Mesopotamia on the other side |
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| Persian priest whose religion got close to monotheism with worship of Ahuramazda, a good god, but his followers made too much room for Ahriman, the principle of evil, to create a dualism |
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| People were interested in big issues of life and death from the beginning, it seems and the drama of seasonal death and rebirth applied to human life coalesced in this Egyptian cult |
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| One of the few women to gain power in the ancient world, this one became pharaoh of Egypt, basically |
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| When the chosen people of Yahweh began to record the history of God's love for them they wrote the story of creation but more importantly stressed the original heroic faith of this man |
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| Hellenistic sculpture that portrays a father/son combo of the Trojan war being crushed by huge sea serpents; the father has a tortured look that shows how well sculptures had mastered their craft |
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| parlayed a kingdom inherited from his father and hegemony over Greece together with a fine education in Greek Culture into domination of the known world; he spread Greek culture widely |
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| Part of the makeup of every polis, this particular citadel was transformed into a relgious shrine when Athens was finally safe from the Persians |
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| Orator whose Philippics against the rise of Macedon were not enough to unite the Greek poleis to defeat the threat as had been possible when the more alien Persians invaded |
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| Dynasty of rulers in Macedonia and Greece following the death of Alexander the Great; the empire was just too large to rule so the generals divided it; Seleucus got Syria and eastern lands |
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| Won the Peloponnesian War but only after it built a navy to control the vital seaways; then it ruled Attica with 30 tyrants who gave the word its current bad meaning |
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| With Xerxes looking o, the greek fleet defeated the Persian fleet here forcing him to pull back from Athens to Boeotia where he was defeated at Plataea the next year and sent packing |
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| Concerned with the problem of the one and the many he developed a powerful philiosophy that posited a world of forms e.g. humanity set apart from ours in which things participate |
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| Along with Herodotus, Xenophon and others he wrote history, perhaps the best history of the entire ancient world; his History of the Peloponnesian War is a model of insight and objectivity |
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-Philosopher whose principle concern was the question of change and stability and who preferred to deal with concrete phenomena; his physics kept the heavens and earth seperate - Along with Plato, a great philosopher who emphasized observing nature and human activity and cataloguing things; he was more 'scientific' in the sense than plato |
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- Citizen of Alexandria who c. 150 AD devised the geocentric astronomical theory that help until the 17th century; it was complex but it worked - Devised a learned and complex astronomical theory in the second century A.D.; the system had good predictive power and was adequate until people sought more precise explanations |
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-Popular dictator in contract to others who quickly abused their authority; he was successful general and writer of history; but he could be assassinated which he was, by Brutus - Immensely popular roman whose conquests, shrewdly publisized, enabled him to emerge as top dog in the First Triumvirate; he was made dictator for life, a bad move for the republic |
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| Scipio Africanus too the battle of Carthage itself with an ambitious invasion, forcing hannibal to leave Italy and become Romanized; Hannibal could not march his army back the same way |
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- Most prominent of the celtic tribes, it invaded Italy and even sacked Rome in 387 BC but was subjugated later as Roman power spread northward on the english channel - Peopled by the celts, this land was vast and the population so numerous that it expanded over the mediterranean world from the far end of Spain to central Turkey and even Poland |
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- Popular tribunes of the people who tried to accomplish land reform among other things and were assassinated despite legal guarantees of their immunity to arrest - Tribunes who tried to reform land tenure and save the small farmer by breaking up the latfundia; they were assassinated as the crisis of the republic deepened |
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- A set of magistrates just below the two consuls who administered the law and judged important cases; when they left office they became members of the Senate with control of money - A high offical in the Roman state just under the consuls who were the chief executives; these men were judges to show the importance of rule of law rather than persons in Rome |
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- The lower class of Rome, freemen who had been farmers but now found themselves working in the city without rights; successful agitation for inclusion in the government followed - The lower class of Romans in tension with the patricians over a course of time roughly parallel to the Greeks as they developed democracy; the result in Rome was the republic |
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- Member of the Second Triumvirate who was the last Roman general to be seduced by Cleopatra; they joined forces but could not defeat the Roman navy of Octavian |
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| In the Roman social system he possessed total authority and could even have his children put to death; women had to be guarded by him because they were considered weak creatures |
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| Member of the First Triumvirate who had been successful general in the East a paramor of Cleopatra; but he lost the inevitable power struggle in the Battle of Pharsalus in 48BC |
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| Lyric poet of the Golden Age who, unlike Ovid, made traditional virtue and morality attractive; he gently attacked the weakneed of human nature but stood for tolerant understanding |
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| RElatively small river that was conveniently placed to mark the boundary of the Roman Republic; generals were to leave their armies beyond the boundary and eneter as private citizens |
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| Title given beyond Octavian by the Senate although he preferred the modest title of Princeps or First Citizen; now the titles of Caesar and Emperor would come together |
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