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| Around the mid 8th century, Romulus king of Rome, ordered the "rape" of the Sabine women in order to increase Rome's population, and build a strong army. This legend emphasizes that Rome expanded by absorbing outsiders into its citizen body. |
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| From 509- 44 B.C. mos maiorum or the way of the elders was crucial to Romans because of the values handed down by their ancestors. |
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| 133- 121 B.C. Two brothers introduced factions into Roman politics. The 'populares' faction was for the people, while the 'optimates' were supporters of the "best". |
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| 106-48 B.C. A General and politician. He extended Rome's power to the Mediterranean's eastern coast. He was a hero to the common people. He defeated Spartacus and the Gladiator rebellion of____. |
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| A northern people that influence Rome. Completely changed Roman culture in 16th century B.C. They divined god's will through animal dissection. Wives joined husbands at dinner parties. |
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| Small group of most aristocrat families. 509- 287 B.C. In conflict with the Plebeians until 287 B.C. when Plebeians took over Roman ruling parties. |
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| Cult of Mithras. 3rd century A.D. Sacrificed bulls. originated in Persia. It contained ranks from the "top -bottom" Important in the Roman military. |
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| From the 5th-1st century B.C. Res publica meant "the people's matter" Distributed power by electing officials and making laws in open meeting of male citizens. it was during destroyed during the empire circa 44 B.C. |
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| Two highest positions in Rome. In 367 B.C., one of the consul's must be a plebeian. Pompey was consul in 70 B.C. |
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| In 287 B.C. the Plebeians won the right to assembly and tribunes. Laws passed by tribunes are plebiscites. In 287 B.C. Plebeians became the major power in Rome. |
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| Tbe story was told in 509 B.C. Lucretia was raped by the prince of ___. Her husband drove out monarchy and established the republic. |
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| In 60 B.C three people ruled Rome. Crassius, Julius Ceaser, and Pompey. The degeneration of the Republic. Ceaser made his own client armies and took over Rome. |
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| Plato's philosphy combined with Persian philosophy. The ultimate reality is a trinity of "the ONE, mind, and soul." Achieving a mystic union with god. This is from 205- 270 A.D. |
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| 107- 100 B.C. Marius instituted client armies. Those not with land or weapons could join. Soldiers in these armies were called proletarians. Humble origins in the equites New man= first memeber of his family to be a consul. |
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| 54- 68 A.D. Teenage successor from Claudius. Ruled from the age of 16 until his death. He loved music and acting. He distributed cash to keep Rome popular with the poor. In 64 A.D. Nero was accused of burning Rome. Seized Senator land on the charge of treason. |
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| The spread of Roman law and customs throughout the known world. It improved transportation and agriculture. Started in 509 B.C. |
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| 1st century B.C. the "True doctrine" Bishop introduced Orthodoxy to establish a common belief, thus introducing heresy. |
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| 161-180 B.C. He was one of the "good" emperors. Roman political golden age because of peaceful succession for a century. |
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| Augustus established principate in 77 A.D. as a disguised monarchy to end the violence. Masked as restoration of the republic. |
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| 284- 305 A.D. he pulled the Roman government out of an extended crisis by increasing emperor's authority and reorganizing the empires defenses restricting workers freedom and changing tax system to pay for changes. |
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| Known as "Roman Peace" It allowed agriculture and trade in provinces. Began in 27 B.C. by Ceaser Augustus, it lasted 200 years. |
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| During the 2nd century B.C. large farms were awarded by the aristocracy and worked with free laborers and slaves. Farmers sold land to the aristocracy because they couldn't afford it. |
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| Rome's enemy during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Punic Wars. It was a city-state in Northern Africa. Rome expanded and subjugated Carthage in 201 B.C. |
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| 306-337 A.D. He converted the empire to Christianity and funded it with state money. He was co-ruler with diocletion. He moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the ancient Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople. |
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| Began reign in 337 A.D. He enforced a ban on polytheistic sacrifices and closed all polytheistic temples. He established the western capital of the empire in Ravenna. He allowed Barbarians to live in empire. They rebelled when he died, this split the empire in two. |
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| Means "rule by four". In 293 A.D. Diocletian divided the empire into four parts. This put imperial government into contact with the borders. |
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| Social elites in cities and towns. Obligated to serve on municipal senates and called taxes for the imperial government. Paying tax short falls themselves. |
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| 313 A.D. It proclaimed free religion and referred to the empires protection from the "highest divinity". Constantine wanted to support the Christian movement. |
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| 260-333 A.D. Arius-- Arianism maintained Jesus was not co-eternal with God and not Identical with God the Father. The view implied that Christian monotheism was not absolute. It lasted for centuries. |
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| Founded by Nestarius in 478 A.D.He argued that Jesus was a human that became the temple to the indwelling divine. He was condemmed in 435 A.D. |
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| In 451 A.D.the council of Chalcedon forged an agreement; an orthodoxy. It's conclusions are still accepted in the west as doctrine. |
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| 5th century A.D. Did not want people who persecuted Christians to be readmitted. Followers of Donates insisted that these "traitors" could not be allowed to return. |
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| Practice of self denial, especially through self-discipline. Emphasized by Augustine. In 397 A.D. Augustine's book wrote of his sexual desires and religious beliefs. by the end of the 4th century Christians valued virginity. |
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| Non-roman people from the north that flooded the empire in the late 4th century. Come with no political and military unity and without a plan. Often warred against each other. Later developed ethnic Identities and Romans lived under them. |
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| 56-120 A.D. Historian that composed historical works that exposed the Julio-claudian ruthlessness. |
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| First non-roman group in the empire. In 410 they sacked Rome. Settled in Southwestern Gaul. Horcrius in 418 gave them southwestern Gaul, they expanded into Spain. |
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| Justinian Codex appeared in 534 A.D. established a system of laws for the empire later reduced to the Digest in 533A.D. |
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| Wife of Justinian 500-548 A.D. Ruled with Justinian. She demonstrated that women could achieve influence in the eastern empire. She was a former actress and a daughter of a bear trainer. She pushed her religious views. |
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| Renamed in 324 A.D. by Constantine. Considered to be the new Rome. Great strategic and commercial location. Capital of the Easter Roman empire. |
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| New religion in Arabia. "Submission to God" emerged under Muhammad in 570-632 A.D. Major religion of the present day. |
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| Leo III destroyed all icons of Christ in 726 A.D. The devout had to destroy icons or worship in secret. Destroyed monasteries and splendid art. |
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| 570-632 A.D. Born in Mecca, prophet of Islam. Dictated the Qur'an. Leader of Qurasysh united many Arabic tribes under his leadership before he did in 632. |
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