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| A Benedictine monastery, founded in 910, whose reform ideology tried to separate its network of religious houses from control by lay people. |
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| Codes of refined romantic behavior between men and women of high station. |
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| A disagreement between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV of Germany that tested the power of kings over church matters. After years of diplomatic and military hostility, it was settled by the Concordat of Worms in 1122. |
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| (1097-1142) Famed French theologian, logician, and university lecturer. |
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| Italian verse narrative by dante Alighieri (1265-1321); its complex themes exemplify the concerns of medieval learning. |
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| A surge in veneration of the mother of Jesus beginning in the twelfth century that seemed to portend a change in how women were regarded as religious and moral beings. |
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| (1225-1274) italian Dominican monk and theologian whose intellectual style encouraged the study of ancient philosophers and science as complementary to theology. |
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| Period of graceful architecture emerging after the Romanesque style in twelft- and thirteenth-century France. The style is characterized by pointed arches, delicate decoration, and large windows. |
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| Order of monks established in 1209 by Saint Francis of Assisi (1182-1226); its members strove to imitate the life and example of Jesus. |
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