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| The Byzantine Church in Constantinople, constructed by Emperor Justinian I in the sixth century, and famous for its dome, which rests on the keystones of four great arches. |
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| (570-632 C.E.) The founder of Islam, he claimed to be the prophet whom God (Allah) had chosen for his final revelation to mankind. |
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| Major commercial city of the Arabian peninsula in the 6th century C.E., at which time the founder of Islam, Muhammad, was born and achieved prominence. From the earliest days of the spread of Islam, the city was the destination of the chief religious pilgrimage for Muslims, and is now considered the holiest site in the Islamic world. |
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| Islam's holy book, comprised of Allah's revelations. |
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| An often-persecuted minority religious party within Islam that insists only descendants of Ali can have any authority over the Muslim community. Today, Shiites rule Iran and are numerous in Iraq but only make up 10% of the worldwide population of Islam. |
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| Orthodox Islam, as opposed to Shiite Islam. |
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| (1135-1204) Spanish- born Jewish scholar, physician, and scriptural commentator. |
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| (540?-604) Roman Catholic Pope 590-604. Used his political influence and theological teachings to separate the western Latin from the eastern Greek church. He also encouraged the Benedictine monastic movement and missionary expeditions |
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| (742-814) Frankish ruler 767-813 who consolidated much of western Europe by adding Lombardy and Saxony to the frankish kingdoms. With a strong sense of divine purpose, he forced the Christian conversion of pagan peoples and sponsored arts and learning at court. In 800 he became the first Roman emperor in the west since the 5th century. |
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| The collection of lands in central and western Europe ruled over by the kings of Germany (and later Austria) from the twelfth century until 1806. |
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