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| Diocletian’s political reform which divided the Roman empire into two halves ruled by two rulers and two lieutenants. |
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| Former capital of the Bysantine empire, eventually renamed Istanbul after its conquest by the Ottomans in 1453. |
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| A group of Jewish teachers and preachers that emerged in the third century BCE and insisted that all of Yahweh’s commandments were binding on all Jews. |
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| One of the twelve apostles of Jesus, Paul spread Christianity throughout the Near East and Greece |
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| The fourth-century followers of a priest named Arius, who rejected the idea that Christ could be equal with God. |
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| (c. 480 – c. 547) Considered the father of western monasticism, Saint Benedict created the Benedictine rule that became the guid for nearly all western monks. Monks were required to follow the rules laid down by Saint Benedict: poverty, sexual chastity, obedience, labor and religious devotion. |
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| The german “barbarians” who sacked Rome in 410. |
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| : (c. 354 – 397) One of the most influential Christian theologians of all time, Saint Augustine described his conversion in his autobiographical Confessions and formulated new aspects of Christian theology in On the City of God |
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| (490 – 583) Author of the Institutes, which instructed medieval readers on the essential works of literature a monk should know before moving on to more intensive study of theology and the Bible. |
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| (527-565) Emperor of eastern Rome. Justinian codified Roman law in the Corpus Juris Civilis and tried to reunify the eastern and western halves of the old Roman Empire. |
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