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| A group of people that spoke variations of the same language and moved into the Near East and Mediterranean shortly after 2000 B.C.E. |
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| A Semitic-speaking people that emerged around 2400 B.C.E. in northern Mesopotamia. Their highly militarized empire dominated Near-Eastern politics for close to two thousand years. |
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| The ancient Greek civilization that settled in Greece during the second millennium B.C.E. and organized around powerful citadels. |
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| The Semitic language family has the longest recorded history of any linguistic group and is the root language for most of the languages of the Middle and Near East. Ancient Semitic languages include the language of the ancient Babylonians and Assyrians, Phoenician, the classical form of Hebrew, early dialects of Aramaic, and the classical Arabic of the Quran. |
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| The fourteenth century B.C.E. pharaoh who developed a sun-oriented religion and ultimately damaged Egypt’s position in the ancient world. |
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| wife of Akhenaten, the fourteenth century B.C.E. Egyptian pharaoh. |
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| A sea empire that flourished on Crete and in the Aegean Basin from 1900 BCE until the end of the second millennium BCE |
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| The semitic speaking residents of present-day Lebanonfrom around 1200 to 800 BCE. The Phoenician cities were centers for trade throughout the Mediterranean. |
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| ruler of the Persians from circa 559 BCE until 529 BCE |
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| Founded by Zoroaster around 600 BCE, this Persian religion urged people to be truthful, to help each other, and to practice hospitality. Those who did would be rewarded in an afterlife after a “judgment day”. |
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| King of the Hebrews from around 1000 to 973 BCE. David united Israel and made Jerusalem his capital. |
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| An Indo-European speaking people that migrated into Anatolia (now Turkey) around the beginning of the second millennium. |
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