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| refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on power and on practical and material factors and considerations, rather than ideological notions or moralistic or ethical premises; also about seriousness. |
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| northern italy- the island of sardinia and piedmont (northern land part of italy) wealthier than southern italy.it had major economic growth, an alliance with france against austria. And the liberation of scicily. |
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| Prime minister in 1852- created the unification of italy: Industrialism, liberlism, The juste- do thing that are realistic. |
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| Had nationalistic sentiment; was an Italian general and politician. He is considered, with Camillo Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II and Giuseppe Mazzini, as one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland". Took over for cavour. He withdrew with the Unification of Italy |
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| From a minor noble family- became devotly Lutheran, he was ruthless when it came to what he wanted, he became the 1st minister under William I. He was the man of Iron and Blood who united Germany. From conservative to pragmatism |
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| 1870: Rome abandoned by France. known as the 1870 War in France(19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. |
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| Alternating prime minister: (1809-89) liberal who belived in free enterprise. |
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| The second prime minister: (1804-81) he was a conservative jewish convert due to his wife. |
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| Was really a woman names Mary Ann Evans. Was skeptical of religion and was very evangelical in her youth but as she got older only went to church to appease her father |
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| (1891-1892) Written By George Elliot. It including the status of women, the nature of marriage, idealism and self-interest, religion and hypocrisy, political reform, and education. |
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| His findings were discovered on the galapagos island- He came up with random mutation- differences occur by accident, natural selcetion- the best survive. |
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| He wrote about his findings. book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. |
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| Darwin applies evolutionary theory to human evolution, and details his theory of sexual selection. The book discusses many related issues, including evolutionary psychology, evolutionary ethics, differences between human races, differences between sexes, the dominant role of women in choosing mating partners, and the relevance of the evolutionary theory to society |
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| Pope Pius XI died in 1888, it was too the entire church, Things that people shouldn’t do and are in error by doing. Do not believe in socialism, communism, rationalism, naturalism, gallicanism, strict seperation of church and state, reaction about the manogamy of marraige. |
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| (1869-70) Papal infallibility formally defined for the first time. It was ex catherdra- from the seat of the bishop chair down he is speaking officially. Part of the Franco Prussian War. |
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| It was the German cultural war- religion would still be a problem. It consisted of a center party- against the socialist, The Falk Laws 1872 said no catholicism, which was part of the war. |
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| from command and to take land. Western political and economic dominance in the 19th and 20th centuries. |
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| (1526- 1858) A lot of influence on the east coast.Mughal power was severely limited. The last emperor, Bahadur Shah II had authority over only the city of Shahjahanabad. He supported the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and was overthrown by the British, and the last remnants of the empire were taken over by the British Raj. |
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| Was the dynasty in China. 1644 it began declining.It created the opium wars because the chinese shut down the ports to all traders so the British took it into their own hands to regain the ports |
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| 1842: It allowed additional ports to be open, British took over hong kong, and it was extraterritortailty- up to british procecute, China had no legal jurisdiction. |
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| 1868-- imperial rule to Japan in 1868. The Restoration led to enormous changes in Japan's political and social structure, and spanned both the late Edo period (often called Late Tokugawa shogunate) and the beginning of the Meiji period. There was rapid Modernization and tension between liberal democracy and authoritatrianism |
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| (1894-5) goes to war with China. The war was a clear indication of the failure of the Qing dynasty's attempts to modernize its military and fend off threats to its sovereignty, especially compared with Japan's successful post-Meiji restoration[1] For the first time in over 2,000 years, regional dominance in East Asia shifted from China to Japan; and the prestige of the Qing Dynasty, along with the classical tradition in China, suffered a major blow. The humiliating loss sparked an unprecedented public outcry. Within China, the defeat was a catalyst for a series of revolutions and political changes led by Sun Yat-Sen and Kang Youwei. These trends would later manifest in the 1911 Revolution. |
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| (1904-5) Japan Beat the Russians and got a lot of credit from the west. Russia was defeated at the Battle of Tsushima Strait (1905). |
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| Countries had initial Inroads to Africa and began to expand their influnece. Cape colony was seized by the Dutch and Shortly after by the British. They Experienced the Great Trek (1835-45) rapid expansion of the west. There was a transformation of trade and colonization. |
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| which came to denote the descendants of the Dutch-speaking settlers of the eastern Cape frontier |
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| The new language Created by the dutch and africans living in Cape Colony. |
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| Ruled for Belgium and Leopold is chiefly remembered as the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State (1884) was the Belgium Congo- still controlled by them and there were many forced Labors and atrocities. |
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| South African War (1891-1902) Wanted control of South African because the land was rich in gold and jewels and rubber. The British took control of the area. |
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| of pseudoscientific techniques and hypotheses to sanction the belief in racism, racial inferiority, or racial superiority |
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| conflict between groups in society leads to social progress as superior groups outcompete inferior ones...is generally understood to use the concepts of struggle for existence and survival of the fittest to justify social policies which make no distinction between those able to support themselves and those unable to support themselves. Many such views stress competition between individuals in laissez-faire capitalism; but the ideology has also motivated ideas of eugenics, scientific racism, imperialism,[4] fascism, Nazism and struggle between national or racial groups |
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| Coined the Phrase Survival of the fittest- was about how humanity would progress and only the best would survive. |
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| Discouraged inferior people from having children and the superior to have children. |
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| His work was on pyschoanalysis ( or getting at the unconcious part of the mind which is repressed). He came up with three psyche the Id ( which supresses your unconcious desire such as sex contained the oedipus complex) the superego, which balance the id and ego, and the Ego which was you concious self. |
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| He believed that all this pent up urges and everything was used to do something good or productive. |
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| Use some of newtons discoveries to help him come up with his own ideas: The Theroy of Relativity--(1905) E=MC2, which was that time and space were relative and that mass was convertible to energy.) |
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| The Painter of The Scream 1893 who used Cubism (Cubist artworks, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form—instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context) to paint his pictures |
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| Art became more influential. "primitivism" is often applied to other professional painters working in the style of naïve or folk art |
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| Incorporated Primitivism into his dances. The most famous of his was called the Rite of Spring and it horrified many of it audiences when it first came out. |
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| He was an irish poet and playwright who was married and had Children. He was part of the Aesthetic movement and they called themselves the Decdents (they were involved in gross intimate acts and were sentence to prision) Wilde died there. |
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| Kaiser Wilhelm (William) II |
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| was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. He forced Otto Van Bismark to resign. He led Germany on a "New Course" in foreign affairs that culminated in his support for Austria-Hungary in the crisis of July 1914 that led to World War I. |
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| German Austria-Hungary and Italy. Also known as the Central Powers. |
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| Britian, France, Russia. Also know as the Allies. |
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| Bismark didn’t want to fight a two front war so he came up with this plan to go through belgium to attack france and shut it down then focus on the Russians. |
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| Lands that were under control during the ottoman emipre that started to break apart at the beginning of WWI,It included Balkanization. The term refers to the division of the Balkan peninsula, formerly ruled almost entirely by the Ottoman Empire, into a number of smaller states between 1817 and 1912.[3] The term however came into common use in the immediate aftermath of the First World War, with reference to the numerous new states that arose from the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Russian Empire. |
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| Was Traveling in Serbiain Sarajevo June 28, 1914 when a man apart of the Young Bosnia terrorist Group Killed him. Austria asked for an ultimatium to seek out terroist In Serbia and when they declined it Sparked the beginning of the war. |
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| People began digging in or creating trenches to sit in an await people who would go into "no man land" which was the area in between the two rivals fighting that was completely bare and left soliders exposed to gun fire. |
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| Were German submarines that had torpedos that could take down normal ships |
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| It was a British passenger liner that was shot down under suspicion of having arms on it. It killed many people and many americans (1915). This got America inovolved in the War |
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| It meant that everyone was involved. Women children men. |
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| Or the "Evil Hun" was the name given to German terrorism. It reinforced allied propoganda. |
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| Was the president of the USA and wanted everywhere in the world to have freedom and democracy. He got fully involved in the war after the zimmerman telegram was sent out. |
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| Was on November 11: and it was a cease fire. Ending WWI |
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| Was the ruler of russia on the eve of the revolution. He was a member of the Romonov family and had a hemophiliac son. They tried to establish a connection with the ordinary russian through rasputin, even though he was highly unpopular. |
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| Was a peaceful reavolution that took place in St. Petersburg on Jan 2, 1905. People were hungry and wanted food. However army personel took fire killing many (Bloody Sunday) and it outraged the people and there were massive strikes and repression. |
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| The arranged their own governemtn and helped with the set up of th eDuma or russia parliament. |
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| was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist who served as the Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. A Marxist, he was responsible for developing the political theory of Marxism–Leninism, and as the leader of the Bolshevik Party took a senior role in the October Revolution of 1917. Following the Bolsheviks rise to power, Lenin was instrumental in the conversion of the Russian Empire into the Soviet Union, a socialist state governed by a vanguard party. |
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| Means a catalyst- Lenin exiled all the educated and anyone who might opposose him. |
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| Were the Minority who followed Lenin- it meant the majority. |
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| They were a more moderate faction means minority. |
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| February/March Revolution |
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| (1917) There was intensifying crisis in 1915-16, Nicholas disolved the dum. It almost happened overnight. Its immediate result was the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, the end of the Romanov dynasty, and the end of the Russian Empire. The Tsar was replaced by a Russian Provisional Government under Prince Georgy Lvov. The Provisional Government was an alliance between liberals and socialists who wanted political reform. They set up a democratically-elected executive and constituent assembly. At the same time, socialists also formed the Petrograd Soviet, which ruled alongside the Provisional Government, an arrangement termed Dual Power. |
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| October/November Revolution |
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| The "Bolshivik Coup Siezed power on November 6,1917. The Coup siezed a lot of government buildings and there wasn’t much bloodshed. Leon Trotsky was the leader of the coup and made lenin the head of the new government. |
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| (3/15/1918) Got Russia out of WWI- It caused Russia to lose the Baltic States. |
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| It consisted of the Red Army (communist) and the White Army (everyone else). The allies executed nicholas and his family . The boderland ethnic groups wanted their independence. The Red army won due to a better army, holding a central position, and using terror to scare people. This allowed for the creation of the USSR (Union of Soviets Socialist Republics) in Dec 1922. |
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| Was like a Bird Flu and it took place in 1918-19 right after the war and it killed many more people than in the war. (50-100 million). It mosly attacked healthy young adults. |
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| Was created by Woodrow Wilson. President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918. The address was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. People in Europe generally welcomed Wilson's intervention, but his Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism. |
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| Was the Paris Peace Conference took place at the palace of Versailles with the Big Four. It made german take on the war guilt clause which said they were responsible for the war and they had to pay reparation fiscal and coal and they lost control of thier heartland. they lost much of thier territory. They had to demilitarize. Germans were very bitter. |
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| or the legal instruments that contained the internationally agreed-upon terms for administering the territory on behalf of the League. These were of the nature of both a treaty and constitution which contained minority rights clauses that provided for the right of petition and adjudication by the International Court.[1] The mandate system was established under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, entered into on 28 June 1919. |
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| Was in 1917 as a letter from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Baron Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. He wanted to create a homeland for the Jews |
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| Started in the 20s they consisted of flappers and women wanted to start to become independent and make their own money. They began to expiriment sexually. |
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| designating Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II. |
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| was the President of the French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the emperor of the Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I, christened as Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte. Elected President by popular vote in 1848, he initiated a coup d'état in 1851, before ascending the throne as Napoleon III on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation. He ruled as Emperor of the French until 4 September 1870. He holds the unusual distinction of being both the first titular president and the last monarch of France. |
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| was a conflict between theRussian Empire and an alliance of the French Empire, the British Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia. The war was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. Most of the conflict took place on the Crimean Peninsula, but there were smaller campaigns in westernAnatolia, Caucasus, the Baltic Sea, the Pacific Ocean and the White Sea. In Russia, this war is also known as the "Eastern War" (Russian: Восточная война, Vostochnaya Voina), and in Britain it was also called the "Russian War" at the time. |
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| Alexander II of Russia (687-90) |
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| lso known as Alexander the Liberator (Russian: Александр Освободитель, Aleksandr Osvoboditel') was the Emperor of Russia from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881. He was also the King of Poland and theGrand Prince of Finland. |
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| a movement in the mid-19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires, Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. It was also used as a political tool by both the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over all Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948. |
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| was the monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she used the additional title of Empress of India. |
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| as a French chemist and microbiologist who was one of the most important founders of medical microbiology. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases. His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax. |
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| was a widespread civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864, against the ruling Manchu-led Qing Dynasty. It was led by heterodox Christian convert Hong Xiuquan, who, having claimed to have received visions, maintained that he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ [2]. About 20 million people died, mainly civilians, in one of the deadliest military conflicts in history. |
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| s generally defined as the political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful,[1][2] or alternatively as opposing authority and hierarchical organization in the conduct of human relations |
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| as a government that briefly ruled Paris from March 18 (more formally, from March 28) to May 28, 1871. It existed before the split betweenanarchists and Marxists had taken place, and it is hailed by both groups as the first assumption of power by the working classduring the Industrial Revolution. Debates over the policies and outcome of the Commune contributed to the break between those two political groups. |
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| They constructed their pictures from freely brushed colours that took precedence over lines and contours, following the example of painters such as Eugène Delacroix and J. M. W. Turner. They also painted realistic scenes of modern life, and often painted outdoors. |
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| were a atheistic Turkish nationalist reform party in the early twentieth century, favoring reformation of the absolute monarchy of the Ottoman Empire. |
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| or practice. More specifically, the term describes the modernist movement in the arts, its set of cultural tendencies and associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In particular the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by the horror of World War I, were among the factors that shaped Modernism. |
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| Friedrich Nietzsche (753) |
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| Nietzsche's key ideas include the death of God, the Übermensch, the eternal recurrence, the Apollonian and Dionysian dichotomy, perspectivism and the will to power. Central to his philosophy is the idea of "life-affirmation", which involves questioning of all doctrines that drain life's expansive energies, however socially prevalent and radical those views might be |
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| the Dreyfus Affair (765-6) |
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| It involved the conviction for treason in November 1894 of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a young French artillery officer of Alsatian Jewish descent. Sentenced to life imprisonment for allegedly having communicated French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris, Dreyfus was sent to the penal colony at Devil's Island in French Guiana and placed in solitary confinement, where he was to spend almost 5 years. |
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| were Fascist paramilitary groups in Italy during the period immediately following World War I and until the end of World War II. Blackshirts were officially known as the Voluntary Militia for National Security |
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| It didn’t just include the us however Britian called it the "Great Slump". Black Tuesday (10/29/29) symolbized the day of the stock market crash and the beginnning of the depression. It last most of the decade and had sharp slumps and drops. The causes were international factors europe went off ogld standard, and lack of leadership. |
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| Joself Stalin tried to move the contry back to capitalism. Stalin was not really russian he was georgian and wasn’t really high up on the social ladder. He rose to power by becoming a secratry general of the communist party and he won favor by creating the cult of lenon after his death. He also eliminated his rivals by exiling them and createed mass propaganda to supposrt his cause. |
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| He made two of these in the 1930s. The first one created new indusrty and rapidly urbanized russia. The second plan created a better military and class structure. The goal was self suffienciency. |
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| It was around 1929. Stalin moved peasents around the country side but they wanted their own lands. They created state run farms and set the prices wages and crops. The goal was a stable food supply for all of russia. The outcome was one of uneven success many human costs agricutrual failure |
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| Stalin removed anyone who would be an obstacle to him. This included show trials in which everyone could come watch the trials. |
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| Fascists seek elevation of their nation based on commitment to an organic national community where its individuals are united together as one people in national identity by suprapersonal connections of ancestry and culture through a totalitarian state that seeks the mass mobilization of a nation through discipline, indoctrination, physical training, and eugenics. |
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| is a political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible. It controls everything. |
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| It was created during a time of resentment when Germany felt like it was stabbed in the back. There was a strong feeling for anti-semitism. And they belived in an Aryan race (Nazis believed that the "Nordic peoples" (who were also referred to as the "Germanic peoples") represent an ideal and "pure race" that was the purest representation of the original racial stock of those who were then called the Proto-Aryans.) NATIONALIST SOCIALIST WORKERS DEMOCRATIC PARTY. |
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| (1883-1945) He was a socialist in Italy and took over ethiopia in 1935, the one country that had never been taken over. He created a pact of steel with Adolf Hiter in 1939. |
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| He was an aritst/ architect from austria who was from a lower middle class family. He created the Nazi party and quickly rose to power because of his charisma. |
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| Munich 1923. It was Hitlers attempt to take over government. 1923, when Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff, and other heads of the Kampfbund unsuccessfully tried to seize power in Munich, Bavaria, Germany |
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| Was the Autobiography written by Hitler when he was in jail that outlined his ideas of how he belived the governement and things should work. |
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| These were boys and girls ages 10-18. It was the nazi group for children and they were required to be physically fit and work out. |
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| It was the Third Empire under Hitler and was also called the Golden Age. The other two were the Holy Roman Empire and the empire under Bismark. |
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| Also know as the brown shirt. They were the Storm army. |
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| They were an elite police force or army that would carry out hitlers most extreme plans. |
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| (1/8/1938) It was an attach on jewish business and it got its name from all the glass that was broken on the ground. |
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| Hitler believed that the Germans needed living room and this led him to his Final Solution. |
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| Was from France and Britian to Germany. It was "the policy of settling international quarrels by admitting and satisfying grievances through rational negotiation and compromise, thereby avoiding the resort to an armed conflict which would be expensive, bloody, and possibly dangerous." |
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| was the occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938. |
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| It was the outer edges of the Chezch that germany invaded. This led to the Munich agreement which said that Britian and France would accept Hitlers actions as long as he didn’t go any further. |
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| known formally as the Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy, was originally intended to be a tripartite military alliance between Japan, Italy, and Germany. But Japan never signed due to conflict with russia. Hitler also signed a non-agression pact with russia. |
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| It is also called the Lightening war. It broke out so fast that 6 countries (Denmark Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, and France) joined the war by the Spring of 1940 and many other european countries joined the next year. |
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| It was a regime in southern France that was controlled by the Nazi party. |
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| (1871- 1947) Very famous man who was excellent at rethoric. He was very Anti- Nazi and he was the prime minister of Britian. |
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| All of europe was pretty much under Nazi control during this time. Sept.- Nov. 1940 was the battle of Britian in which the Germans would bomb cities, mainly london at night. 1,500 were killed by the Luftwaffe (the german airforece) However the RAF helped win the war for Britian. |
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| Hitler tries to invade russia in the summer of 1942 but by winter and this battle he was turned away in Feburary. There were many casualties. |
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| Us was involved morally but eventually militarily. It was FDR and Churchill. FDR (the US president during the war) knew the US would eventually be involved in this war. It was a formal agreemnt with Britian that there would be no Territorial gains, aself-determination for countries, and the would reject force. |
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| August 1941, Japan Bombed this in Hawaii--offically got the US involved in the war. |
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| It was led by Dwight D. Eisenhower on 6/6/1944. They crossed the English channel and landed in Normandy France. They began to retake France. It was sucessful and this was the turning point in the war. |
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| Part of D-Day. It was the bombing campaign. It was the code name for D-Day. |
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| Over 300,000 Germans were killed in the series of Bombings that destroyed this city 90% destryoed. |
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| Feb. 1945--It consisted of the Big Three- 2nd major meeting and it was held on the island of crimea. There were many points it lined out. The creation of a UN, Liberation of Europe (create democratic governments), disememberment of germany, prosecution of war crinimals, and the soviet entry into the pacific war. |
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| The new Atomic Bombs were dropped on these cities just days apart from each other killing many and takinng Japan out of the war. |
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| It was around 1941--started with elimiating anyone who they didn’t desire and focused mainly on jews. They sent them to consentration camps and had mass executions. |
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| He was the SS leader who ran gthe concentration camps. |
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| Work of all concentration camps--they completely dehumanized people, sceintific experiment were conducted on children and they killed many. It was the largest Death camp. |
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| The slogan above Auschwitz mean work makes freedom. |
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| was the trade name of a cyanide-based pesticide invented in the early 1920s and infamous for its later use by Nazi Germany to kill human beings in gas chambers of extermination camps during the Holocaust. |
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| It was a bipolar world because of communism- the US and Soviets were competing. For ideolgy and interest. |
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| He was the new president of the US during much of the cold war. |
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| s a United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam. It represented a middle-ground position between détente and rollback. |
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| Truman stated that the US would be a defender of freedom. It pledged to confront communism. It helped defend Turkey and Greece. |
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| Given by the US secrtary of State Gerogre C. MArshall in 1947. was the large-scale American program to aid Europe where the United States gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet communism.[1] The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild a war-devastated region, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again. IT created the EEC. And they unified West Germany, had a common market with free trade. |
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| The Soviets blockaded Berlin, because they were angry about the move to reunite germany, from the west and wasn’t givin them supplies so US and Britian airlifted food and supplies in to the people everyday. It lasted from July 1948- May 1949. In 1949 it created two Germanies, (East and West) |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
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| is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. |
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| 1955: The soviet union made its own alliances like that of NATO |
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| Post war Korea. It was a battle to move past the 38th parrallel and make the whole country communist. The war pushed the communist back at Ichonand Yalu river and the chineese intervention on the side of the communist created a stalemate. There was an armstice in 1953 created by Dwight D. Eisenhower and the border remained close to the original border. |
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| He was under stalin and when he died he denounced everything that he did. He was a kinder more liberal man. He believed in peaceful existence with the west. It seemed like the war was warming up and going away however there was a refreeze in the 60s. |
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| It was 100x more powerful the the Atomic bomb the USA had it first in 1952 followed by Russia a year later. |
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| “mutually assured destruction” (MAD) |
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| It was created by John Foster Dulles and he said that it would be impossible to end nuclear war and that it would eventually kill all people on both sides so it would be pointless to do it. |
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| Was the first satellite sent into space by russia in 1957. |
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| It was under construction in 1961. It was an east german decision with Soviet backing because there was a major brain drain. In 192-75 they added fortifications and a "death Strip" that killed many people who tried to cross. |
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| many places all over Europe were slowly starting to deconlize and let their colonies run themselves. India gained indpendence in 1947, Ghana 1957, along with other states during the period, indochina received its independence, and there was the decolonization of countires in the middle east along with the creation of Isreal in 1948. |
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| The British allowed the indian to run their own government, It was like parliament. Indians mostly ran it but you had british people on it too. |
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| (1869-1948) as the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for non-violence, civil rights and freedom across the world. |
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| 1954 significant beyond the valleys of Điện Biên Phủ. Giáp's victory ended major French involvement in Indochina and led to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and South. Eventually, these conditions inspired the United States to increase their involvement in Vietnam leading to the Second Indochina War |
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| OPEC (Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries) |
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| created in 1960 to better manage governemnt control over supplies. |
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| Written by Anne Frank during the time of WWII and when she was in the concentraion camps. Her dad had it published after her death in the camps and the war was over. |
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| generally considered to be the philosophical and cultural movement which holds that the starting point of philosophical thinking must be the individual and the experiences of the individual, that moral thinking and scientific thinking together do not suffice to understand human existence, and, therefore, that a further set of categories, governed by the norm of authenticity, is necessary to understand human existence. |
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| Was apart of the theatre of the absurd movement which was the thought that life was meaningless. He wrote a play called waiting for Godot in which two men sat there the whole time waiting for a person who never came. |
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| He is a marxist, atheist, and most know man from the existentialism group. "condemned to be free."[38] This theory relies upon his position that there is no creator, and is illustrated using the example of the paper cutter. Sartre says that if one considered a paper cutter, one would assume that the creator would have had a plan for it: an essence. Sartre said that human beings have no essence before their existence because there is no Creator. Thus: "existence precedes essence".[39] This forms the basis for his assertion that since one cannot explain their own actions and behaviour by referencing any specific human nature, they are necessarily fully responsible for those actions. "We are left alone, without excuse". |
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| Was a female apart of the exitentialism group. She had a relationship with Sarte, and she wrote the book, the second sex. She talked about women being abnormal and the denial of the femine essence and that one should create their own athourity. |
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| He is apologetic in his writings due to a religious conversion experince he had. He is known for both his fictional work, especially The Screwtape Letters, The Chronicles of Narnia and The Space Trilogy and his nonfiction, such as Mere Christianity, Miracles and The Problem of Pain. |
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| Was a devote Catholic and wrote the Lord of the rings trilogy. |
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| It was another ecumenical council in rome, It opened under Pope John XXIII on 11 October 1962 and closed under Pope Paul VI on 8 December 1965. It was trying to give catholics an idea of how they should be during a modern time. It stated that there are positive aspects of modernity, noble simplicity in worship, emphasis on sacred scripture and italy. it addressed the question of Contraception too. |
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| 1968--It wasa papal letter to the entire church- reaffirming their feelings about contraceptives. They said it is contrary to the intergrity of marriage, people do not have absolute dominon over their body, it wass allowed only if the situation was serious, it lowered moral standards. |
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| Real name was Eric Blair, he was an enlgish man and he liked to think of himself as a lower upper middle class man. He didn’t like the fact that he couldn’t write what he wanted so he resigned from BBC and he wrote the famous book Animal Farm |
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| It was international and not only American. A lot of sex drug and rock'n roll rebellion. It had a cold war background. |
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| Started in liverpool, England under the name Quarry Men. They became the beatles and started out as a skittle band. They liked to think of themselves as rebels. There was beatlemania and the british invasion in america. Later in their carrer they really wanted to rebel and started doing more psychedelic rock. |
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| It was a sedative given to many women and it caused a lot of birth defects in children. |
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| Was the new leader in russia in 1964--he was a hard liner |
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| He was a nuclear physicist and was the father of the hydrogen bomb. He had a utopian vision and protected the people. He was exiled to Gorky. |
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| He was a writer/novelist. He was russian orthodox. He wrote about his exile experince to Siberia in the Gulag Archipelago. He won a nobel prize but couldn’t go accpet it for fear he couldn’t get back into russia. He was finally deported to the USA and he critiqued the west in the same way as russia. |
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| Was the presidnet who focused a lot of his attention on human rights- he criicized the soviet union. |
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| It was the rise of the workers movement in Glansk poland among port workers- Lech Wlesa was the leader of the movement. They left the communist party. The movement increased. |
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| (1947-1984)--he wsa always in danger and was arrested several times- He was a friar in the warsaw parish and he was an activist of polish people. On 10/19/84 he was kiddnapped while riding in a car and was murdered. This gave solidarity a pilgrimage site and fueled the movement. |
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| His name was Karol Wajotyla he was forced to go to work in a commercial place but he wanted to be a preist. He secretly attended a seminary school and advanced his studies. He became pope john Paul II. |
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| the topic of a series of 129 lectures given by Pope John Paul II during his Wednesday audiences in the Pope Paul VI Hall between September 1979 and November 1984. It was the first major teaching of his pontificate. The complete addresses were later compiled and expanded upon in many of John Paul's encyclicals, letters, and exhortations. why are there strange sexual teachings. |
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| He has a a lot of enemies he took over in 1985 and he is a beliver in communism- he was the new leader of russia. He believed in perestroika--or alllowing for a little capitalism to make communism work better, and glasnost openess and freedom of expression. |
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| 1989 (The Year of Revolution) |
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| It was the velvet revolution in Chezcholslovakia- it was pretty peacful. Romania had a simliar revolution- the leader of the government was oppressive. Bulgaria even created a parlimentary democract in 1991. |
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| The USSR failed and Boris yelstin what the replacement in the governemnt for Gorbachev. 1991: you had the end of the comunist party and the collaspe of the soviet union. |
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| We are still living in this age with a connection of culture from the internemt and other techonologies. |
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| Emigrated to the US in 1884- The idea about the web came from him. He was way before his time. He though of the world system and wrote the Wardenclyte Vision about this. |
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| as electrical conductivity intermediate in magnitude between that of a conductor and an insulator. Semiconductors differ from metals in their characteristic property of decreasing electrical resistivity with increasing temperature. |
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| 1960s first signs of internet. It connected 4 proffesor of science at different universities. It was a department of defense project. |
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| The bombing at the German disco which killed hundreds of people was traced to him. He was the ruler of libya. They bombed his home and command center killing his children. |
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| 1988 it was over Lockerbie, Scotland and the plane crashed it Was en route to new york 270 died, 189 Americans. |
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| is a global militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden at some point between August 1988[16] and late 1989,[17] with its origins being traceable to the Soviet War in Afghanistan.[18] It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless army[19] and a radical Sunni Muslim movement calling for global Jihad and a strict interpretation of sharia law. |
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| Leader of Iraq. They belived that he sponsored terrorism in other countries. |
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| Started by George Bush SR. in 1991. ommonly referred to as simply the Gulf War, was a war waged by a UN-authorized coalition force from 34 nations led by the United States, against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait. |
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| Britian was the cradle of the enviormentalist. IT was about the love for nature. They loved their walks and gardens. It included many romantic poets. William Blake and William Wordsworth. England should be green and pleasant. IT talked about how humans have destroyed nature. The founded enviormental societies and wanted to keep the land pretty. |
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| “scientific conservation” |
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| Mainly in the USA. George Perkins Marsh- geologist. He talked about the risk of human extintion. But said science could reverse this trend. Late 19th centruy you get the athourity of science: more forrest scientists. 1900: creation of forest service.. They created an emphasis on practical solutions. |
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| Also mainly in the USA they wanted to preserve wildlife as it is necessary to spiritual health. This lead to the creation of the National park system. John Muir was a leading proponent of this. |
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| Part of the "back to land movement" said humans have ruined nature and he campainged to prevent a railroad from going to a lake district. He helped found enviormental societies, |
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| Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) (830) |
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| 9 May 1881 (Conventional)–10 November 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey. |
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| is the largest city in Turkey, forming the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population of 13.5 million, the city is at the center of the second-largest metropolitan area in Europe and among the world's largest cities by population within city limits. |
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| lternatively spelled Fuehrer in both English and German when the umlaut is not available, is a German title meaning leader or guidenow most associated with Adolf Hitler. The word Führer in the sense of guide remains common in German, but because of its strong association with Nazi Germany, it comes with some stigma and negative connotations when used as the meaning of leader. |
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| was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe. Beginning on 20 April 1934, it was under the administration of SS national leader, Heinrich Himmler who in 1936 was appointed Chief of German Police (Chef der Deutschen Polizei) by Hitler. |
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| as a German politician, military leader, and leading member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP). A veteran of World War I as an ace fighter pilot, he was a recipient of the coveted Pour le Mérite, also known as "the Blue Max". He was the last commander of Jagdgeschwader 1, the fighter wing once led by Manfred von Richthofen, "the Red Baron". |
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| of 1935 were antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany introduced at the annualNuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party. After the takeover of power in 1933 by Hitler, Nazism became an official ideology incorporatingantisemitism as a form of scientific racism. There was a rapid growth in German legislation directed at Jews and other groups, such as the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service which banned "non-Aryans" and political opponents of the Nazis, from the civil-service. |
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| During this time, the "popular front" referred to the alliance of political parties in France aimed at resisting Fascism. The term "national front", similar in name but describing a different form of ruling, using ostensibly non-Communist parties which were in fact controlled by and subservient to the Communist party as part of a "coalition", was used in Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. |
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| Spanish Civil War (847-8) |
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| as a major conflict fought in Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939. The war began after a pronunciamiento (declaration of opposition) by a group of generals under the leadership of José Sanjurjo against the elected government of the Second Spanish Republic, at the time under the leadership of President Manuel Azaña. The rebel coup was supported by a number of conservative groups including the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right,[nb 3] monarchists such as the religious conservative Carlists, and the Fascist Falange.[nb 4][5] The uprising was authoritarian and anti-separatist in inspiration; anti-Basque and anti-Catalan feeling marked the Nationalist zone |
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| Boris Pasternak (869, 873, 888) |
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| was a Russian language poet, novelist, and literary translator. In his native Russia, Pasternak's anthology My Sister, Life, is one of the most influential collections ever published in the Russian language. Furthermore, Pasternak's translations of stage plays by Goethe, Schiller, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, and William Shakespeare remain deeply popular with Russian audiences. |
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| held by the victorious Allied forces of World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi Germany. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany, in 1945–46, at the Palace of Justice". The first and best known of these trials was the Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal (IMT), which tried 25 of the most important captured leaders of the Third Reich, though several key architects of the war (such as Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and Joseph Goebbels) had committed suicide before the trials began. |
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| (1894 – 22 August 1978) served as the first Prime Minister (1963–1964) and President (1964–1978) of Kenya. He is considered the founding father of the Kenyan nation. |
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| Francis Crick and James Watson (913) |
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| as an English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist, and most noted for being a co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953 together with James D. Watson. He, Watson, and Maurice Wilkins were jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material".[ |
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| in vitro fertilization (915) |
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| s a process by which an egg is fertilised by sperm outside the body: in vitro. |
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| multinational corporation (915) |
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| s a corporation enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country. It can also be referred to as an international corporation. They play an important role in globalization. |
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| s an art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in the late 1950s in the United States.[1] Pop art presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular culture such as advertising, news, etc. In Pop art, material is sometimes visually removed from its known context, isolated, and/or combined with unrelated material.[1][2] The concept of pop art refers not as much to the art itself as to the attitudes that led to it. |
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| was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after World War II. It began on 5 January 1968, when reformist Alexander Dubček was elected the First Secretary of Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and continued until 21 August when the Soviet Union and all members of the Warsaw Pact, with the notable exception of Romania, invaded the country to halt the reforms. |
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| is a British politician and the longest-serving (1979–1990) Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of the 20th century, and the only woman ever to have held the post. A Soviet journalist nicknamed her the "Iron Lady", a moniker that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As prime minister, she implemented conservative policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism. |
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| is an ideology based on the advocacy of economic liberalizations, free trade, and open markets.[1] Neoliberalism supports privatization of state-owned enterprises, deregulation of markets, and promotion of the private sector's role in society.[1] In the 1980s, much of neoliberal theory was incorporated into mainstream economics. |
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| was the President of Serbia (originally the Socialist Republic of Serbia) from 1989 to 1997 and President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000. Amongst his supporters Milosevic was known by the nickname of "Slobo", similar to the nickname of "Tito" adopted as a surname by Josip Broz Tito during World War II. He also led the Socialist Party of Serbia from its foundation in 1990. His presidency was marked by the breakup of Yugoslavia and the subsequent Yugoslav Wars. |
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| is a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas. |
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| was signed on 7 February 1992 by the members of the European Community in Maastricht, Netherlands.[1] On 9–10 December 1991, the same city hosted the European Council which drafted the treaty.[2] Upon its entry into force on 1 November 1993 during the Delors Commission,[3] it created the European Union and led to the creation of the single European currency, the euro. The Maastricht Treaty has been amended by the treaties of Amsterdam, Nice and Lisbon. |
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| Postmodernism is largely a reaction to the assumed certainty of scientific or objective efforts to explain reality. There is no general consensus among scholars on the precise definition. In essence, postmodernism is based on the position that reality is not mirrored in human understanding of it, but is rather constructed as the mind tries to understand its own personal reality. Postmodernism is therefore skeptical of explanations which claim to be valid for all groups, cultures, traditions, or races, and instead focuses on the relative truths of each person. In the postmodern understanding, interpretation is everything; reality only comes into being through our interpretations of what the world means to us individually. |
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| was a prominent Christian cleric (first as a Lutheran pastor and later as a Roman Catholic priest) and writer. Born in Canada, Neuhaus moved to the United States where he became a naturalized United States citizen. He was the founder and editor of the monthly journal First Things and the author of several books, including The Naked Public Square: Religion and Democracy in America (1984), The Catholic Moment: The Paradox of the Church in the Postmodern World (1987), and Catholic Matters: Confusion, Controversy, and the Splendor of Truth (2006). He was a staunch defender of the Roman Catholic Church's teachings on abortion and other life issues and an unofficial advisor of President George W. Bush on bioethical issues. |
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