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| 1st person to circumnavigate the globe. Went around south america and ended back up in spain. |
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| Discovered new spain. Which was comprised mostly of north america. |
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| Was created due to the need for labor on plantations. It created the Triangluar trade (Europe, Africa, America). Many people traded, The Protuguese, Dutch, French, England. |
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| It was the passage between Africa and America. 1/10 died. |
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| Was mainly based in indonesia--it was the spice trade--The dutch east india company-- it was run by the dutch government--Had a trading center in Jakarta. |
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| Economic mindset was changing. This development created a new desire for trade, and trade expanded in the second half of the Middle Ages. European nations, through voyages of discovery, were looking for new trade routes in the 15th and 16th centuries, which allowed the European powers to build vast, new international trade networks. Nations also sought new sources of wealth. To deal with this new-found wealth, new economic theories and practices were created. Because of competing national interest, nations had the desire for increased world power through their colonial empires. The Commercial Revolution is marked by an increase in general commerce, and in the growth of financial services such as banking, insurance, and investing. Made possible by the increase in money supply, business institutions and laws--help unify nation-states. |
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| England- It was government directed, favored a balance of trade, precious metals, and the colonies were a source of wealth. |
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| Began planting crops for profit. There were techniques to increase production. Four-field system(grow certain crops that will produce nitrogen), breeding and fattening, convertible husbandry, meadow floating, and enclosure( fencing off lands- created resistance and anger) |
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| Greater circulation of food- increase variety and circulation- growth of world population- healthier due to better food. |
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| new consumables (chocolate, coffee, tea, tobacco, sugar), paraphenelia, clothing and acessories (brighter colors), more choices provided a sense of freedom, pleasure and leisure, and a growth of democracy. |
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| New print culture allowed for exchange of political ideas. Political discourse over consumables, growing middle class. (england, distinctive culture, influence on america) Resenting merchantilism. |
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| Mid 1600s-1700s. Roots in renaissance. Permant change in mentality. Scientific revolution. Main ideas: reason, sceince and natural law, deism( belief in God as creator that left earth alone), rejection of traditional religion and passions, Freedom and equality, natural rights, positive view of human nature, democratic tendencies, positive view of human nature, and progress. |
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| Was a diest, and wanted reform. Wrote Candide--was widely banned because it contained religious blasphemy, political sedition and intellectual hostility hidden under a thin veil of naïveté. |
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| Aristocract--social reformer. Spoke of the dangers of despotism, speration of church and state, Wrote spirit of the laws (talked of 3 brances of checks and balance seperation of powers) was a diest. |
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| Communism, radicalism, wrote the Social Contract which talks against natural law. It should be the whole society together so no one is greedy. He believes in the Gerneral will- that everyone should agree. |
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| Created urban intelletual centers- Presbyterian contributions, history, moral, philosophy, economics, scottish culture- big influnce in the Arts. Ideas: Imporvement of society, natural innate and moral sense, influnce on america |
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| Came up with the law of supply and demand and lassiez-faire (n economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from tariffs, government subsidies, and enforced monopolies, with only enough government regulations sufficient to protect property rights against theft and aggression.) |
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| skeptic- moralirty based on pleaure and pain. |
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| Challenged Hume- virtue causes pleasure because it conforms to our natural moral sense. |
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| Created methodism- They were both ordianed minister who attended oxford and wrote hymns- they belived in perfectionism through grace. |
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| against enlightenment- the heart reveals human truth. |
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| Bach wrote much music, which was revered for its intellectual depth, technical command, and artistic beauty. Many of his works are still known today, such as theBrandenburg Concertos, the Mass in B minor, the Well-Tempered Clavier, and his cantatas, chorales, partitas, passions, and organ works. Mathmatical genius. |
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| Poet. He is the best known of the poets who have written in the Scots language, although much of his writing is also in English and a "light" Scots dialect, accessible to an audience beyond Scotland. |
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| Was the grandson of Louis XIV and was married to Marie Antionette. He didn’t want to be king. Supported the American in their revoltions and was executed in 1793 with marie antionette not too far after. |
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| There were three estates or orders- merge into one gerneral national assembly. |
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| The Oath was a pledge signed by 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate who were locked out of a meeting of the Estates-General on 20 June 1789. The came to call themselves the national assembly. |
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| The storming of the Bastille occurred in Paris, France on the morning of 14 July 1789. The medieval fortress and prison in Paris known as the Bastille represented royal authority in the centre of Paris. While the prison only contained seven inmates at the time of its storming, its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution. |
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| Artisans- people with some skill- close to the bottom |
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| Dismantled the old regime. Feudlaism was abolished. Declaration of the rights of man--freedom of expression and religion, rights. |
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| Father of consevatism- reflections on the french revoltion- Conservatism, organic society, |
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| a faction started that ended at the death of robespierre. They were in the Estate generals. |
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| Less radical group of the Jacobins |
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| More radical group of the jacobin. Geroge Danton was a lawyer who was well spoken in this group. |
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| The "incorruptible", devoted himself to the revolution, supreme beings, believed in Rousseau and the general will. |
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| The french national anthem. |
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| used to cut off peoples heads during the revolution. |
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| raise the masses- expansion of war- it created total war where everyone got involved. |
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| More people were sent to the guillotine during this period then ever (spet. 1793-july 1794). This is the period when robespierre died. |
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| Revolution broke out in July, They created the directory which was a five man council of the girondins. |
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| Was a leader in the French army--saw that this could allow him toadvance--he was a little man with a big military carrer. He won his recognition in the Egyptian campaigns and capture the rosetta stone( help translate the egyptian hieropglyphics) Became first counsul for life and was the emperor of france |
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| a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French Navy and Spanish Navy, during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815). The british won. |
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| Was the final defeat of Napoleon- total defeat. Was banish to St. Helena |
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| Heard of enlightnemnet ideas and didn’t want to be slaves anymore--they didn’t want to work on the sugar plantations. |
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| François-Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture |
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| Was a slave who obatined his freedom and became a brigadeer general in the french military. He ened up getting freedom for the people on the island and in 1801 a constitution and 1802 a treaty. He was caputred and lived in isolation until he died. |
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| Britian was the cradle of the industrial rev. it had natural resources, commerce (international market, naval power, banking, and capital), political support, and labor. |
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| The created the cottage industry putting out system- in which entrepenuers would have the famers in winter do light manufacturing. |
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| Created the Newcomen's engine propelled by steam to get coal out of mines. 1709 |
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| Created a new and imporved version of the steam engine in 1775 |
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| Created the flying shuttle for weaving cotton. It required only one person and not two. |
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| Created the Spinning jenny which allowed more cotton to be spun at once. Some even had 20 spinners. |
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| Created the Arkwright water frame which used water as the driving force. |
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| Worked with spinning jenny and water frame. |
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| Created by Eli Whitney to get the seeds out of cotton. |
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| Created cream colored cereamic. He also created queens ware and was inspired by pompeii. |
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| transportation revolution |
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| created canals and railroads ("iron horse"). The first line was from manchester to liverpool. This also caused changed in thinking aboout innovation and worried about speed and the decline of men. |
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| People who didn’t like the idea of the new technology being created and would go around and break the machines. |
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| Where people allowed to sell things at any price they liked or was there such a thing as a just price. |
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| Various ideas people developed trying to make sense of new things. |
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| political ideology that advocates limited government, constitutionalism, rule of law, due process, individual liberties including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets. |
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| Political economc thinker, was concerned with overpopulation. More conservative. Though charity was a problem. Under liberalism. |
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| Liberalism--opposed slavery and social injustice--belived in utilitarianism (whatever works for the greatest number of people) |
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| Atheist--thought like modern democrats-- fought for womens rights and wrote on liberty talking about utilitarian societies and unlimited personal property. |
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| a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional institutions and supports, at most, minimal and gradual change in society. The main thinker was Edmund Burke. |
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| It should be possible to create an ideal society on Earth |
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| Created a the New lenark Mill--established schools, factory stores, limited child labor. |
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| never wrote out his thinkings--was the person who coined the word industrialism. |
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| created phlanxes (autonomous community of workers)--a society based on everyones needs |
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| Created scientifi socialism (because he thought that it was obserable and could be demonstrated scientifically). Marx was a young thinker from russia who believed in utopian societies. |
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| Worked along side of Marx--believed that there needed to be a new society that caused less suffering. |
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| originally created by Hegel- it was a thesis (particular idea) an antithesis (a competing idea) and a sythesis of the two ideas creating progress. Marx believed that there were two class the "haves" or burgeosie and the "have nots" the proletariat-- he believed that the proletariat would rise and take control creating a dictatorship. |
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| Believed that this dialectical materialism would lead to a bloody revolution and that society should be classless and everyone should be equal with no religion. |
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| Written by Marx and engels--book contains Marx and Engels' Marxist theories about the nature of society and politics, that in their own words, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles".[4] It also briefly features their ideas for how the capitalist society of the time would eventually be replaced by socialism, and then eventually communism. |
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| It went back to the 18th century and had mainly to do with the arts--it is counter-enlightenment--it wanted to get back at the beauty and emotion of life. There were many tensions between the artists--and they were portrayed as tortured individuals. |
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| Poet who wrote "The Tiger" he was a mystic and a christian missionary. |
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| Was a german novelist who wrote "The sorrows of Young Werther" about a love that fails and the main character commits suicide. |
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| French painter who had a new emphasis on freedom--his paintings were mostly about freedom. |
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| This was about the role of women and the heart and what women should do and where they should be--which was in the home |
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| Men should be working while women were at home being the homemaker and rearing the children to be proper adults |
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| women had a loving influnce and would touch a person from within and didn’t have to use force. |
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| women wanted to do good and right the wrong of people and society. |
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| an ethic of kindness, benevolence and sympathy extended universally and impartially to all human beings. |
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*French term for "rebirth."
*Going on at the same time of the Reformations. (14th-17th Century)
*Getting to the classic and becoming more secular.
*A Bridge between middle ages and modern ages.
* More skeptical of athourity.
* Set the stage for the protestant reformation. |
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*Martin Luther, unable to reform catholic church, begin reform movement.
*Martin Luther/ John Calvin = major leaders.
* Wanted to get back to the 1st chruch (pre-church)
* Stronger in the north versus the south. |
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| Where protestantism come from. It means to Protest. They were protesting the Catholic Church and the inssues which included: pluralism, simony, and moral character of clergy, papact, and sales of indulgences |
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Indulgences are supposed to shorten your time in purgatory.
They were offered for good works or going to Holy places during Holy Years.
However, not the Catholic Churches were selling them to get money. |
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| A place of cleansing your venial sin before you go to heaven. |
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| Was a monk who went walking around selling indulgences to raise money for St. Peter's Basilica. |
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| Came from a hardworking family, wanted to be a lawyer, but after a near death experience, he joined a Agustinian Monestary. He had a personal and theological dilemma with the sales of indulgences. He believed in Faith and Scripture alone. Founder of Lutheranism. Excommunicated by Pope Leo the X for not renoucning his ideas. |
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| 1517: Luther's propositions allowing for academic debate that questioned the sales of indulgences and church offices. They engulfed the Holy Roman Empire in conflict. |
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*Sola fide (Faith alone.)
*Sola Scriptura (Scripture alone.)
*"Prieshood of all Believers"- It is through all believers prayers not just one person alone.
*Rejected the idea of transubstantiation (it really becomes body/ blood of Chirst) and adopted consubstantiation (God is present, but it is only spiritual) |
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| Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) |
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Issued the Diet/ Edict of Worm in 1521 stating that Luther is a heretic and tries to supress him and people could not favor him.
*King of Spain, Holy Roman Empire, Italy, and the Netherlands
*Ruled: Holy Roman Empire from 1519-1556, Spain from 1516-1556, Netherlands from 1506-1555
*Opposed the Reformation by creating the Council of Trent which was a Counter-Reformation and supported the conquests to the Americas. |
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Radical Reform movement that began in the 1520s.
Practiced: Adult Baptisim, only scripture, and plain living.
*Started a "Radical Revolution" in 1533, they took over Munster, and did many things against the Crhistian Religion.
*They were finally suppress and many were executed by fire. |
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*A founder of the reformed tradition. Began his movement in Zurich.
*He believed communion was purely symbolic and did not believe in Constubstantiation.
* Helped convice leader to shut down the Anabaptist. |
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Developed calvinism thorough his book "Institues of the Christian Religion" (1536).
*Emphasis: soverignty of God, total depravity (humanity is totally corrupt), predestination, communion is taken symbolically.
* This spread into modern day presyterian, reformed, congregationalist. |
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| King Henry VIII wanted to get his marraige to Catherine of Aragon (the daughter of Ferdianad and Isabella, the Spainsh monarchs) anulled because she could have any males. He also wanted this because he had his mistress Anne Boylen pregnant and she might have his heir. Therefore, he asked the pope for an anulement, and when the pope said no he created the Act of Supremecy. |
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Made King Henry VIII the head of the Church of England/ Anglican Church. He made everyone in parliment or that needed to sign it and if they didn't they were executed.
*He did this so he could seperate from Catherine of Aragon.
*Anne Boylen didn't have a son. |
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Refused to sign the Act of Supremacy and said " the King's good Servant, but God's first."
*He was executed. |
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| The daughter of Catherine of Aragon. Took over the throne after her father Henry VIII died. She persecuted many protestants and returned England to Roman Catholicism. |
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| Daughter of Henry VIII and half-sister to Mary I. She took over the throne after Mary died. She returned the religion back to protestantism. She created the Elizabethan Settlement which separtated the Church of England from the Catholic Church. It made the Church follow catholic ritual and protestant theology. |
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| Also called the counter Reformation. There were abuses in the relgious order or priestly vows, such as: Purirt, Chastity, Obedience. The Rerfomation Began at the Coucil of Trent ( 1545-1563) an ecumenical council that met to talk about the problems with the catholic church. |
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| Changes and Renwal of the Catholic Reformation |
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Reform: began a seinimary system, aboliton of sales of indulgences
Renewal:catechesis (oral instruction of doctrine), private confessions, the tridentine mass (uniform mass in Latin) |
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| Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) |
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Created a new order called the carmelites. She created a convent and made then life strict lives of poverty. The were not allowed to wear shoes.
*She wrote book called Interior Castle about the soul and how it must go throgh many layers. |
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| Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) |
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| Began his life as a solider and he didn't think it was a good life, therefore he went to serve the church. In 1540 he founded The Society of Jesus (Jesuits). He got direct permission from the Pope to be called this. You had to be a exceptional educated man to be in this order. They were traveling missionaries and they adopted the native culture. |
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| Organization in Church in Spain to try to weed out heretic Church teachings. Revived to combat protestantism thru the 1700s. |
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| The Black Legend (La Leyenda Negra) |
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| The idea that the inquisition was cruel. However, it was over exaggerated. Only about 2% were executed, and they didn't harm the elderly, pregnant, or children. |
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| There were certain books that people could read because they believed it would destroy the catholic faith. Papal Index. |
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Belief that witches had a pact with the devil.
*usual supsects: cunning folk (midwvies, etc), poor, women.
*Trials and execution--happened different places different times.
*Ergotism theory--Fungus that made people go crazy seeming bewitched. |
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| The Halian Wars--the Hapsburgs fought Spain and France over Ital but had a hard time because the ottoman empire, also fighting was srtong. Hapsburg finally got Italy. |
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During the Wars or Religion.
* German Protestant easily took over the city
*Paved way for reform. |
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| The Seige of Vienna (1529) |
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| Ottoman laid seige to vienna- Had modern waeponary--shocked Europe. |
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Was a Politique--more concerned with political stability.
*She gave limited toleration to the calvinist in france called the Huguenots.
*When civil war broke out she treid to play off factions of either side against each other.
*She married her daughter Marguerite or Henry of Navarre--Head of the burbon family (calvinist)
*Scared by the revenge of the Huguenots she order her son to kill all the leading nobles.
*St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre- August 24, killing of many huguenots. |
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| Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) |
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Definition
Was also a Politique. Took throne after death of Henry the III who had no heir. He public embraced catholicism, but issued the
*Edit of Nantes (1598)--which granted the Huguenots a large measure of religious toleration. |
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Sucessor of Charles V after he was tired of fighting 30 years war, grandson of Ferdidand and Isabella.
*Invaded Papal territories to shut down rebellion, and had the largest area.
*Claimed he was the true King of England.
*1566- Revolt in the Netherlands- dutch calvinist didnt like catholic rule--became independent.
*1568-1570- Rebellion of Moriscos (muslims who pretended to be christian |
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| Was improsioned because she was a catholic and they didnt want her in power. She consipred against the queen (Elizabeth I) and they beheaded her. When Phillip II heard of this he sent the spanish armada to England. However, his fleet was easily destryoed. |
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| There is no one single cause for the war. However, they were mainly started in the Holy Roman Empire, which is the German states. It was wars over religion based on Catholicism and Protestantism. A lot of it started because of the Peace of Ausburg which didn't allow room for Calvinism. |
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| Bohemians siezed deputies and threw them out of a window to make a point. |
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| Peace of Westphalia (1648) |
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| It was a turning point. Your religion was based on the prince who reigned over you. The Hapsburgs lost a lot of territory. It was a: religious settlement, a shift in power, and it set diplomatic precedence. |
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| The earth is at the center of the universe and it is set up in crystalline spheres or layers. The ideology come from Aristotle and a christian view. It has a prime mover (the sun), a lunar region, and a sub lunar region. It also had the idea of epicycles in which the planted would do a loop during its course. |
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| This is the belief that the sun is at the center of the solar system. this took off during the renaissance. It was originally discovered by Aristarchus but Nicholas copernicus actually saw the sun at the center. There were some problem though: it went against the Bible and aristotle, ideology was messed up, and the math and physics didnt make sense. |
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| Came up with the three laws. The elliptical orbit (which accounted for the math flaws). and he believed in mysticism (that the stars/ planets had souls. |
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| Catholic--materialist in terms of the universe. He created a better telescope and saw many things. He said the planets orbits were circular and he discovered the principle of accelerated motion. When he started talking like this and didnt have proof he was put under house arrest. |
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| Came up with newtonian physics--gravity and inertia. Calculus and principa (mathmatic principles of natural philosophy). |
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Reacted to the philosophical crisis. mysticism v. rationalism.
he came up with the inductive method or the scientific method. |
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| Believed in God. Wrote the discourse on method where he was trying to prove that he existed and go back the the basics. He said "i think, therefore i am." He did the cartesian separation of the physical/ spiritual. |
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| He was a mathematician and a believer in God. He came of with "the wager" which was the possibilities based on analysis and opinion. he said it was a good bet to believe in god. |
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| The began differing from the medieval way of war and had an introduction of gunpowder and the early cannon called the bombard. it was a shift from bows to guns. They shifted to an infantry or standing army because of the guns. And now they had to train their soldiers. |
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| an organization of non-elected officials of a government or organization who implements the rules, laws, and functions of their institution. It is a modern system and rose taxes. |
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| Constitutional (limited) monarchy |
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Definition
| In England. is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified, or blended constitution. They had a bicameral parliament which was included two houses. The House of Lords (aristocrats), and the house of Common (Commoners). |
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| The 1215 charter required King John of England to proclaim certain liberties, and accept that his will was not arbitrary, for example by explicitly accepting that no "freeman" (in the sense of non-serf) could be punished except through the law of the land, a right which is still in existence today |
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| In England. It was Henry VII, VIII, and Elizabeth 1, after she died with no heir to the throne. The Stuart Dynasty took over. |
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| Suspected of being catholics. James I was the son of Mary queen of Scots and then Charles I, who was dethroned during a rebellion. They believed in divine right. |
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| The Long Parliament of England was established on 3 November 1640[note 1] to pass financial bills, following the Bishops' Wars. It received its name from the fact that through an Act of Parliament, it could only be dissolved with the agreement of the members[1] and those members did not agree to its dissolution until after the English Civil War and at the end of Interregnum in 1660. |
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| Was a Puritan Military leader who set through the Long Parliament. Took over when there was no King. He was a monocrat and titled himself lord protector, he didnt allow christmas |
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| The stuart dynasty was invited back and Charles II ruled. He had no legitimate children so his brother James II took over. He was catholic and when he had a son he was banished in fear that England would become catholic. |
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| William and Mary were invited to rule England. They were both protestant but before they could take the throne they had to agree to a bill of rights- which was them agreeing to a limited monarchy. |
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| Two Treatise on Civil Government. He believed that everybody has natural rights that they are entitled too which include life, liberty, and property. |
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| This was in France under Louis XIV. He said I am the state. He had sole say in anything that went on in government. |
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| Also know as the "sun King" because of his liking to Apollo. He had a very strong idea of image and a strong taste in the arts. He built an enormous place called versailles where he would have lavish parties and his most trusted men lived there. |
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| Catholic political Theory. The King is responsible to God and should treat his subject right. |
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| wrote on King's divine authority. Kings are gods ministers, must answer to god, monarchy in heaven. Basically you cant do anything to them. |
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| Tsar of Russia, he wanted russia to westernize quickly. Knew russia was backwards politically and economically. He suppressed the Sreltsy and imposed taxes on those who refused to westernize. He created a centralized state. |
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| New hand of aristocracy on how well you serve the tsar. |
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| Got this land in the Great Northern Wat. It was a warm water port so it would freeze during the year. It was a Window to Europe and population grew fast. It was very successful however, many lost their lives building it. |
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| Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style. He was an early proponent of religious toleration, He was a Dutch Catholic preist and theologian. |
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| In Praise of Folly is considered one of the most notable works of the Renaissance and was employed as one of the catalysts of the Protestant Reformation Written By Erasmus. |
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| was a pioneering Roman Catholic missionary born in the Kingdom of Navarre (now part of Spain) and co-founder of the Society of Jesus. He was a student of Ignatius of Loyola and one of the first seven Jesuits, dedicated at Montmartre in 1534.[1] He led an extensive mission into Asia, mainly in the Portuguese Empire of the time. |
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| is a country's goals and ambitions whether economic, military, or cultural. |
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| By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and to ensure French dominance in the Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe. Although he was a cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers in attempting to achieve his goals. |
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| The Baroque is a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music. The style started around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe. |
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| Mercantilism is the economic doctrine in which government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the prosperity and military security of the state. In particular, it demands a positive balance of trade. |
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| The Levellers were a political movement during the English Civil War which emphasised popular sovereignty, extended suffrage, equality before the law, and religious tolerance, all of which were expressed in the manifesto "Agreement of the People" |
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Tories:the Tories represented the more conservative royalist supporters of Charles II, who endorsed a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the power of Parliament, and who saw in the Whig opponents of the Court a quasi-Republican tendency
Whigs: The Whigs' origin lay in constitutional monarchism and opposition to absolute rule. |
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| Social contract arguments typically posit that individuals have consented, either explicitly or tacitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler or magistrate (or to the decision of a majority), in exchange for protection of their natural rights. |
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| Thomas Hobbes and Leviathan |
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His 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory.
Hobbes was a champion of absolutism for the sovereign but he also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state); the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the consent of the people; and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid. |
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| Essay Concerning Human Understanding/ Tabula Rasa |
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| by John Locke concerns the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. He describes the mind at birth as a blank slate (tabula rasa, although he did not use those actual words) filled later through experience. The essay was one of the principal sources of empiricism in modern philosophy, and influenced many enlightenment philosophers, such as David Hume and George Berkeley. |
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He wrote at a time of religious flux and political upheaval, and is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost.
Milton's poetry and prose reflect deep personal convictions, a passion for freedom and self determination, and the urgent issues and political turbulence of his day. |
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| A salon is a gathering of people under the roof of an inspiring host, held partly to amuse one another and partly to refine taste and increase their knowledge of the participants through conversation |
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| Globalization- European nations spread- wanted to find metals- commercial and consumer revolution. Portugal and Spain took the lead. |
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| Also called the atlantic system- looking for other routes to the east--china and india. |
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| Goes all the way around Africa to India--Portuguese. |
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