Term
|
Definition
11th Century--effort to take Holy land from the Muslims and restore Christianity
--Failed to keep the Holy Land in Christian hands
--Removed some troublesome knights
--Raised prestige of Church
--Restored trade and commerce between East and West |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First crusade is 1095—
11th century settle down as the economy grew. People travel to areas like the Holy land. Pilgrimages, Arabs were accepting until the Turks arrive in the Middle East. Less tolerant than the Arabs (more warlike) Persecution begins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1071 Turks defeat armies of Eastern Roman Empire
led to loss of all of Asia Minor save the coastlands -cause of the First Crusade was the Byzantine emperor Alexios I's appeal to Pope Urban II for mercenaries to help him resist Muslim advances into territory of the Byzantine Empire. In 1071, at the Battle of Manzikert, the Byzantine Empire was defeated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gave Speech at CIermot--overwhelming response
it would help Christian pilgrims
It would help the Eastern Christian (Orthodox) Church (Split between the Western and Eastern Churches had occurred in 1054)
It would boost the prestige of the Papacy
Took beating in in vesture controversies
It would get rid of troublesome knights
It would be a triumph for Christianity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st--disaster Massacred by Turks
Peter the Hermit
Led paupers to cross |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Father of Peoples Crusade 1095-
organized and guided the paupers as a spiritually purified and holy group of pilgrims who would be protected by the Heavenly Host. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When the First Crusade was preached in 1095, the Christian princes of northern Iberia had been fighting their way out of the mountains of Galicia and Asturias, the Basque Country and Navarre, with increasing success, for about a hundred years. The fall of Moorish Toledo to the Kingdom of León in 1085 was a major victory, but the turning points of the Reconquista still lay in the future. The disunity of Muslim emirs was an essential factor.
First european-wide persecution of Jews.
1099 conquered Jerusalem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1099- soldier and mystic from France during 1st Crusade- found Holy Lance- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
States modeled on Feudalism – Kingdom of Jerusalem, County of Tripoli, County of Edessa, etc.
Adapted to eastern culture
Adapted—clothing was a challenge, wool from the west. Cooking and medical techniques were adapted. Housing with open airflow
Trade was increased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Turks retake Jerusalem and the Third Crusade was for taking back from Muslims for the Christians.
Richard the Lion hearted– reached agreement with Saladin for Christians to have pilmgramage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Awful Period—Constantinople– Christian city disaster. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| God is not smiling upon us--- Men are sinners! Organize children to Holyland. Venetian shippers will take the children for free and SOLD them for Slavery. |
|
|
Term
| Decline of MA 14th Century |
|
Definition
Church Decline
Temptations of the papacy was its political power…central Italy, deeply involved in European politics.
Bonifaces VIII—most political, tall, vocal
--sent letters to political authorities have no right to tax church property…demanded each political authority to recognize him as their Lord. In 1302 he issued a Papal statement. (Unam Sanctam (Pope has power over the kings. (Bishop– kings can’t interfere. Only God can judge the pope. Pope judges everyone else…they can’t judge him.. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1294-1303
most political, issued Unam Sanctam. He thought he had most power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Pope has power over the kings. (Bishop– kings can’t interfere. Only God can judge the pope. Pope judges everyone else…they can’t judge him.. |
|
|
Term
| King Philip the Fair of France, 1285-1314 |
|
Definition
| kidnaps Pope Boniface VIII. Townspeople battle for Pope…He croaks from heart attack. (1303) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He pardons Phillip. Moves the papacy to Avignon. No jobs left in Rome. Economy falters. Tourism from Pilgrimages stop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1378-1417 – Two popes at first and then
1410-1417 – Three popes
Catastrophe for the Church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hit Europe in 1348
Combination of Bubonic Plague, Pneumonic Plague, Septicemic Plague, Typhus, and maybe Anthrax
Estimated Dead: 25-35% of Europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| practitioners of an extreme form of mortification of their own flesh by whipping it with various instruments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.
Middle ages stressed “community”. True in villages, towns, & Church as opposed to individualism.
Defined--Distant ancestor of elected government.
At its heart is a system of government. Provides protection, justice, collects taxes, order. BUT government at its most primitive. Based on Loyalty of one person to another. Order in time of Chaos after fall of RE. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was the organizing principle of rural economy and society widely practiced in medieval western and parts of central Europe. Manorialism was characterised by the vesting of legal and economic power in a lord, supported economically from his own direct landholding and from the obligatory contributions of a legally subject part of the peasant population under his jurisdiction. These obligations could be payable in :labor (the French term corvée is conventionally applied),produce ("in kind") or,on rare occasions, money. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A German institution
Loyalty of a warrior to his chief
Money had vanished, so vassals were rewarded with manors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Combined Manorialism and Vassalage into a system
Classic Feudalism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Muslims from South Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3 classes
Remained dominant social and economic system in the European countryside for centuries
Nobleman and commoner
Peasant/serf
Clergy were a separate class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1180-1223builds Kings power.
Battle- defeats English—gives him power over France.
Wished to build the king’s power
Wars with England
Battle of Bouvines, 1214-Controlled northern France
Wars in the Southeast-Provence, Provençal
Count of Toulouse
Albigensianism
Albigensian Crusade, 1208-1213
Controlled southern France |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Descended from the Franks, like the Germans
843 Treaty of Verdun
By 1000 AD one can identify Frenchmen
Vikings
By 1000 the most powerful figures were dukes and counts, not the king |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 987 AD they elect Hugh Capet as King of France. Limited power– land around Paris only. Isle de France. Weak authority. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Both built a small but effective army
Married their children to powerful dukes and counts
Offered justice to the “less than mighty” such as towns, knights, and monasteries
Enhanced the King’s prestige
*Offered justice to the less than mighty– if you take your case to the kings court—Fairness to all.
This enhanced the Kings prestige not power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Began as a movement to reform the lives of priests – make them more spiritual
World is divided into good and evil. The flesh is evil and the soul is good; the world is evil but heaven is good.
According to the Bible, God created the world; therefore God created evil
But, the God of Jesus would never create evil. Therefore, the God of the Bible is not really god, but Satan
Since the Church teaches people to worship the God of the Bible, the Church is the servant of Satan
The real God, the God of Jesus, is a hidden god, whom only the pure can understand
Therefore, it is the duty of every Albigensian to become pure enough to serve the hidden God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Enhanced the King’s prestige AND power
True Christian king
Protected the weak, went on crusades, maintained king’s authority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Major Increase in food production, towns are commercial and manufacturing
Increased security brought about by feudalism
Technological innovations
Mold-board plow
Horse collar and yoke
Scythe
Three-field system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Commercial towns
Never disappeared
Revived by Crusades
Exported timber, salt, ironware
Imported sugar, spices, drugs, silks
Ferried knights and pilgrims to and from the Holy Land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wool Process—specialization occurs…sur name evolves
Division of labor and trade..Creates towns due to professions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “Burg” means castle in German; “Burger” means citizen of a town; in French “bourgeoisie” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The one you have joined: the University |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Less fighting to be done
Judging fewer legal cases
Tournaments were artificial wars.
Tournament-Rules started Richard the Lionheart
Started 1150 and increased in popularity
Church outlawed tournaments but they still occurred.
Women like the entertainment- turned into Spectacle.
Romantic Love- Ulrich von Liechtenstein--Chivalry
Still owned most of the land
Bored |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| established Tournament rules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pope Innocent III- rules over Christians and WHOLE world---Ruled Politically– causes problems later |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1215-greatest council of history of the Christian Church
Schools for Priests
Celibacy of the clergy
Regulated Sacraments
Eucharist
Greatest Sacrament
Transubstantiation
Outlawed trial by battle
All Jews had to wear a distinctive badge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Friars work in the world
Mendicant Orders
Dominicans
St. Dominic, 1170-1221
Franciscans
St. Francis of Assisi, 1181-1226 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Greeks and Romans: Concerned about this life.
Medieval thinkers: Concerned about the next life
Christian Ideas
Loss of Ancient Greek and Roman texts IN THE WEST |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Boniface VIII kidnapping by King Phillip the Fair of France-people battle for pope--pope the croaks, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1305 - token pope for Phillip- moves papacy to avignon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1305- 1378 papacy is Avignon during this period. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
between France & England 1138-1453
Church moves back to Rome.No jobs left in Rome. Economy falters. Tourism from Pilgrimages stop. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1362-1370 both eager to move Church back to Rome from Avignon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
R= thinker
priest & lawyer
Humanism=Study of the Latin and Greek classics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - secular figures (warriors, businessman, artists, politicians) earn $, stay in power (not concerned about salvation, How one gets along in this world (right action) Stress on individual (Artiist signed art,) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clergy, salvation is vital, stress on community (one plow, one professional, specialist) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| =Study of the Latin and Greek classics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1313-1375)Wrote about his own time. How to get what you want in this world. Two things—wrote Decameron, how to avoid people taking advantage of you.
Story of priest/woman= the only true sin is stupidity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
written by Boccaccio
how to get what you want in this world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Prince, 1513
Wanted Italy united under a great ruler
Task of every politician (Prince) is to gain and hold power
Do whatever it takes
Lion and fox
What about Christian virtues? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Book of the Courtier, 1528
A Renaissance man:
Noble
Fit for Society
Polite culture in letters and sound scholarship
Athletic
Musical
Appropriate taste
Casual: “Nonchalance of movement and action” |
|
|
Term
| Rise of European Nation States |
|
Definition
Armies were commoners, not knights, armed with simple weapons.
Support army was cheap.
Revival of Roman Law—it was the Roman Law of the Empire which gave substantial power to the Emperor. Kings felt it meant them as well.
Portugal, Spain, France |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
End of 100 Years War led to War of the Roses, 1455-1485
York and Lancaster
House of York- White
Lancaster- Red
1453-1487 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Suppression of violence
Enforcement of order
Limits on other contenders for power
Peace |
|
|
Term
| Isabella of Castile & Ferdinand of Aragon (1479-1516) |
|
Definition
made spain successful nation state
Relied on towns, enforced order, encouraged economic development
Rid Spain of Jews and Muslims 1492 |
|
|
Term
John II (1481-1495)
Manuel I (1495-1521 |
|
Definition
Portugal--
Exploration to India
Expelled Jews and Muslims, 1496
Expulsion weakened Portugal |
|
|
Term
Louis XI (1461-1483) Nicknamed “the Spider”
Charles VII, 1422-1461
Joan of Arc (famous 1429-1431) |
|
Definition
| France was made successful |
|
|
Term
| Court of the Star Chamber |
|
Definition
| - established by Henry VII to use human Roman Law and to limit power of the nobles. |
|
|
Term
| Henry VII (1485-1509) of the House of Tudor |
|
Definition
| established Court of the Star Chamber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unsuccessful Nation State until 19th Century |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protestant reformation began in 1517 |
|
|
