Wrote Leviathan which said that the state gets absolute authority. Human life was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short. Leviathan is the first general theory of politics. He believes humans are equal but bad. 

(1530- 1596) – wrote “Six books on the State”, defined sovereignty in relationship to the state, king is in moral obligation to the God and state, came up with the idea of “divine right” which is that the people must obey the king on Earth as you would God, to disobey is to disobey God.

Wanted right to throne after Queen Eliz I, but he was catholic and charged with treason and executed 1649. Lethal blow by English parliament.

(ruled 1689-1725): Westernized Russia, had imperial reign and took name of emperor, Took the Great Embassy Trip where he was the first tzar to travel out of country, 1697-1698 which inspired western reforms, Church reform: exerted power of state over the church, introduces mobility in classes, moved capital to st. petersburg in 1703. 

Polish monk, wrote “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres” which questioned Aristotle’s theory of the force holding planets together and center of the universe, heliocentric view, caused humans to question their value and place in universe and relationship with God, openly questioned past knowledge and old assumptions. 

Italian mathematician and astronomer, first to use modern telescope, proved that objects of different weights fall at the same speed, against Aristotle’s ideas. Catholic church reject him. 

Anglican Englishman, built on previous math formulas, explained how planets are in orbit (gravity), wrote “Principia Mathematica” 1687 which sets forth laws of universal gravitation and universal laws, Earth is said to be a machine like a clock and God is the great clock maker, the intelligent being.

She came to be monarch of England from Orange. (Husband was William of orange)

Rejection of idea that humans need revelation outside of themselves (aka God) and reason and goodness of man is all that is needed.

Leader of Jacobins (radical political club) and wanted establishment of Republican, he helped bring about bloodier stage of French Revolution, set up Committee for Public Safety which was an internal police force to promote fear to set up a virtuous gov’t. 

Parliament invites William and Mary from the Netherlands to take throne from James II, who flees to France.  Monarchy have to rule under conditions of Parliament, aka the Bill of Rights. Asserted authority of Parliament, reaffirmed the anglican church as the church of england, freedom of press achieved, england rises to first class power status in world, british constitutional monarchy became model for reformers all over the world, limited monarchy by law. 

member of french nobility, scientist who was the founder of modern chemistry (gun powder), he invested money into the tax farm 22 years before the bloody French Rev stage and was executed because of it. 

Guaranteed freedom of speech within Parliament 2. Monarch not allowed to tax w/out assent of parliament. 3. Prohibits king from maintaining a standing army. 4. Prohibits king from interfering in parliament elections. 5. Guaranteed right to trial by jury. 6. No catholic or married to catholic could rule in england. 7. Required that parliament to meet on a regular basis; Beginning of liberal govt in england (limited monarchy)

Puritan, served in govt. 1690 his writings came out called “Essay concerning human understanding” which was the theory of “tabula rosa” that all people start off as blank slates, no depravation, experience is everything. He defended the glorious rev and put for the “rule of law” over all. Also wrote “Two Treatise of Government” 1690 which was the foundation of classical liberalism, and states that humans came out of the state of nature to protect property through government, private property basis of human society. Contract theory of government that rights/laws come before the government and ppl have the right to rebel. 

laid foundation of absolutism, in 1624 he becomes Louis XIII’s right hand man, first modern prime minister

Ideas: 1. Enlightenment despotism: to have ruler, but that ruler uses their power to benefit the people. 2. Deism- God exists and created universe to operate by the universal laws set up and removed his hand. 3. Religious toleration

): took over the directory in 1799 and ends French Revolution setting himself up as dictator over France, he restored Catholic church to some power and kept religious toleration, Napoleonic code- codified laws in France which provided efficient, orderly, accessible law code, extended to other parts of Europe, allowed voting rights to some, and more rights in general, rise of nationalism, largest empire since Romans until Hitler, formed the Confederation of the Rhine which unified the states of Germany into one unity, built empire building, exiled in 1814 and replaced, escapes and acquires Paris. Europe goes against France in battle. Loses at waterloo

reigns in France 1661-1715, sun king, absolute rule, lots of time at war, power to tax, alliance w/ catholic church, Le fronde 1648-1652: rebellion of nobility which was crushed and strengthened the kings power, Tools of Absolutism: 1. Power to tax 2. Civil service 3. Alliance with church (revoked edict and replaced with one that allowed no religious freedom for huguenots) 4. Royal mystique through newpapers, versailles, portraits, and etiquette, his court became model for others

1815 Austria, Prussia, Russia, GB and France Met after overthrow of Napoleon as to what to do for powers and land left over, 4 major principles: 1. Balance of power between countries, 2. Idea of Compensation- maintains balance of power 3. Principle of Legitimacy-restores legit rulers to throne 4. Principle of rewards for the victorious allies, built the Concert of Europe (early UN idea), promoted Nationalism

Built in Louis XIV’s reign as a means to heighten his royal mystique in France and around the world. 

Leader of Congress of Vienna. Age of Metternich 1815-1848 pg. 713

Clash between Russia and Ottoman Empire, some religious issues between christians and muslims over control of the straits for trade and communication with Europe for a warm water port for Russia. “Eastern Question”: who will get land of Ottoman Empire when it falls apart?; Austria vs. Russia; conflict over Holy Land, Otts go to other powers against Russia for balance of power. Russia loses; primarily Naval battle; embarrassment for Russia; 1. Had to give up claim of protector of orthodox christians especially in s. eastern Europe 2. No navy on the Black sea  (russia loses power status); underlined middle class that Russia is socially and politically backward