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| king of the Amorites; established the a city Babylon |
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| married Nefertiti, changed name to Akhenaton, made Aten the main god |
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| Persia vs. Athens & Sparta; Persians defeated at Marathon & Battle o Salamis; Persia invaded Greek city-states twice |
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| lasted a generation and brought widespread destruction and huge loss of life; Athens vs. Sparta (Pelponnesian League) |
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| led Macedonian and Greek troops thru Khyber Pass into the Indus Valley; defeated Porus (king of west Punjab); debated with Indian philosophers who also instructed him |
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| dealt with matters that were personal, political, and divine; wrote Oedipus the King and Antigone; said people should obey the wills of the gods |
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| Romans vs. Carthage; Conflicting ambitions in Sicily led to the 1st war Romans won 1st war which led to the island's 1st province; Carthage sent Hannibal (elephant guy) during the 2nd war - he won the Battle of Cannae, carried the fighting to the city gates of Rome, spreaded fighting over the Italian countryside - Scipio defeated Hannibal when he attacked Carthage |
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| grand nephew of Julius Caesar; considered 1st emperor of the Roman Empire; was Octavian; restored peace in Rome after the civil war; maintained a honest government |
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| emperor that ended chaos in Rome; divided the empire to the western and eastern half; he controlled the eastern half and gave the other half to one of his colleagues which he called augustus; he hired two other guys to assist him which he called caesar; the sister became known as Tetrarchy; he was the senior partner and final source of authority |
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| Titus Livius; Roman historian who wrote a history of Rome and the Roman people; wrote Chapters From the Foundation of the City; lived when Augustus was rebuilding the city out of ruins |
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| waged long wars against the Ostrogoths and temporarily regained Italy and North Afica; appointed a committee which led to the Code of Justinian; 3 works - Code, Digest, Institutes |
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| Roman emperor; 1st Christian Roman emperor; reversed the persecutions of Diocletian; issued the Edict of Milan in 313 which proclaime religious tolerance of Christians in Rome; defeated Maxentius and Licinus during civil wars |
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| issued by Constantine and Licinus; proclaimed religious toleration for christians in the Roman empire; established in 313; issued shortly after the Diocletian Persecution |
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| described several controversies related to Arianism; divided the christian church from the ; most important controversey was the one over God the Father and God the Son |
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| occured in 732 when the Frankish army confronted the Muslim army to stop their spread in western Europe. Charles Martel, the Major Domo of the Franks (Charlemagne's grandfather) led the Franks to victory |
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| Charles the Great; most powerful of the Carolinigians; built on the military and diplomatic foundations of his successors; divided his entire kingdom into counties; appointed officials called dominici; gave stimulus to scholarship and learning; fought more than 50 campaigns |
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| had a hand in the Magna Carta; lost the French province of Normandy to Philip Augustus & spent the rest of his reign trying to win it back; tried to get money from nobles and town-dwellers to pay debt brought by his father and brother Richard |
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| most important battle of the Hundreds Years War; combination of new weapons and war tactics began classic chivarly; battle where the small Anglo Welsh army commanded by Edward II defeated France's large army commanded by Philip IV where serious war tactics and weapons were used |
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| ducal houses of York and Lancasted waged in civil war; called the war of the roses because the symbol of the yorkists was a white rose and that of the Lancastarians a red one; an exhausting conflict in 15th century England between the ducal houses of York and Lancaster; war lasted from 1455 until 1471 and ended with a victory of the yorkist forces led by Edward IV |
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| also called Shakyamuni; best known as the Buddha; was a contemporary of Mahavira and came from the same social class; made the message Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path |
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| period from 1378 to 1417 during which the Western christian church had 2 popes, one in Rome, one in Avignon |
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| saint; a Scholastic; a professor at Paris; produced the most famous collection, the Summa Theologica, which deals with a vast number of theological questions |
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| Italian humanist, rhetorian; & educator; private Latin secretary to Alfonso V of Aragon; denied that the Apostles' Creed was composed in succession by each of the 12 Apostles |
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| Dutch humanist; fame rested on his knowledge of Greek and the Bible; wrote The Education of a Christian Prince and The Praise of Folly; believed education was the key to moral and intellectual improvement & true Christianity is an inner attitude of the spirit, not outward actions |
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| is the 15th ecumenical council recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418. The council ended the Western Schism, by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining Papal claimants and electing Pope Martin V. The Council also condemned and executed Jan Hus and ruled on issues of national sovereignty, the rights of pagans, and just war in response to a conflict between the Kingdom of Poland and the Order of the Teutonic Knights. The Council is important for its relationship to the development of the Councilarism and Papal supremacy. |
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| leader of the Reformation in Switzlerland; served as a pastor; followed the works of Erasmus; introduced a new communion liturgy to replace mass; clashed with the Anabaptists |
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| French theologian; pastor during the Protestant Reformation; developed calvinism; had a church in Geneva; wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion, converted to Protestantism; believed God selected him to reform the church; beleived and taught predestination |
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| the Henry with all the wives; had many executed, obsessed with having a male heir; dissolved English monasteries b/c he wanted their wealth; rich got richer, poor got poorer |
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| Pope Paul III called it an ecumencial council that met; called to reform the church and to secure reconciliation with the Protestants; decrees laid a solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church; gave equal validity to the Scriptures and to tradition as source of religious truth authority; affirmed the 7 sacrements and the traditional Catholic teaching on transubstantiation |
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| Dutch; crowned king of England with wife Mary; protestant; involved in many wars against Louis XIV; was offered the throne by a group of eminent persons who sought to prevent the return of Catholic absolutism |
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| a politique who became Henry IV; prepared the way for French absolutism in the 17th century by helping restore internal peace in France; converted to Catholicism and issued the Edict of Nantes; was the unfortunate bridegroom of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre) |
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| a declaration issued in 1598 by Henry IV which granted liberty of conscience and liberty ofpublic worship to Huguenots in 150 fortified French towns |
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| the name of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years' War in 1648 |
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| English politician; greatest propagandist for the new scientific method; contribution was to formalize the empirical method |
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| 1st great departure from the medieval system came 4rm him; published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres; thought the sun was the center of the universe and everything revolved around it; came up with the Copernican hypothesis |
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| English scientist; united the experimental & theoretical-mathematical sides of modern science; came up with the law of universal gravitation |
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| was an English physician who was the first Western European to describe correctly and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heart |
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| Holy Roman Emperor; known for his conflicts against France through the Nine Years' War and the War of Spanish Succession; he had hoped to enforce the Second Partition Treaty; reign was marked by military successes against the Ottoman Empire in the Great Turkish War |
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| Frederick William, the Great Elector |
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| unified the 3 provinces (Brandenburg, Prussia, Rhine); enlarged them by diplomacy and war; profited from ongoing European war and the threat of Tatar invasion to argue for the need of a permanent standing army, had financial independence and superior force; State revenue trippled during his reign and the army expanded drastically; received the elevated title king of Prussia as a reward fr aiding the Holy Roman emperor in the War of the Spanish Succession |
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| The Great Northern War lasted from 1700 to 1721. The Great Northern War was fought between Sweden's Charles XII and a coalition lead by Peter the Great. By the end of the war, Sweden had lost her supremacy as the leading power in the Baltic region and was replaced by Peter the Great's Russia. |
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| a southeast Asian custom whereby at marriage the groom paid the bride or her family a sum of money that remained under her control |
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| 7 voyages in 1405 launched for Asia the "age of commerce";a devout Muslim; persuaded the emperor to place mosques under imperial protection; 1st eunuch to hold such an important command in Chinese history; led 7 voyages; recorded accomplishments on stone tablets; Hui-Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, & fleet admiral who commended voyages to Asia and Africa |
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| narrow, open boat propelled largely by slaves or convicts manning the oars; used in ancient times |
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| a small maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the 15th century; gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade |
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| an instrument invented by the ancient Greeks and perfected by Muslim navigators; was used to determine the altitude of the sun and other celestial bodies; it permitted mariners to plot their latitude or position north or south of the equator |
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| Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo |
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| wrote the Historia; was a Spanish historian and writer. He is commonly known as "Oviedo" even though his family name is Fernández. He participated in the Spanish colonization of the Caribbean, and wrote a long chronicle of this project which is one of the few primary sources about it. For three centuries, only a small portion of it was published, but this abridgement was widely read in the 16th century in Spanish, English, and French editions; first literary work was a chivalric romance entitled, Libro del muy esforzado e invencible caballero Don Claribalte (Book of the very striving and invincible knight Don Claribalte) |
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| king; under his rule, the Portuguese established trading posts and forts on the gold-rich Guinea coast and penetrated into the African continent; by 1500, Potugal controlled the flow of African gold to Europe; started the golden century of Portuguese prosperity |
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| navigator; under his rule the Portuguese opened the subcontinent to portuguese trade; King Manuel dispatched 13 ships under his command to ste up trading posts in India |
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| the Portuguese crown named him govenor of India; captured Malacca, the great Indian Ocean trading entreport; his bomboardment of Goa, Calicut, and Malacca laid the foundations for Portuguese imperialism in the 16th and 17th centuries |
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| written descriptions of the courses lalong which ships sailed, showing bays, coves, capes, ports, and the distances between the places, and the use of the compass as a nautical instrument |
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| Spanish for "conqueror"; term refers to Spanish soldiers-explorers who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown |
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| an emperor govenor within a territory who had broad military and civil authority as the Spanish sovereign;s direct representative |
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| presided over by the viceroy; 12 to 15 judges who served as an advisory council and as the highest judicial body |
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| 1/5 of all the precious metals mined in the Americas that the Crown claimed as its own |
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| The Spanish sytem whereby the Crown granted the conquerors the right to employ groups of Amerindians in a town or area as agricultural or mining laborers or as tribute payers; it was a disguised form of slavery |
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| Franciscan missionary; said the Spanish maliciously murdered thousands; remarks concentrated on the Carribean Islands; asserted that the Amerindians had human rights; because of his persistent pressure, Charles V abolished the worst abuses of the encomienda system in 1531 |
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| of Spain; observed that the Amerindians seemed to be very frail and weak and that one black could do the work of four indians |
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| Spanish navigator that sailed from from Mexico anf thru a swift and almost bloodless conquest took over the Philippine Islands; founded Manila, which served as the transpacific bridge between Spanish America and the extreme Eastern trade |
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| Jesuit; settled at Macaoon the mouth of the Canton River; sought to 1st convert the emperor and elite groups and then, through gradual assimilation, to win the throngs of Chinese; tried to present Christianity to the Chinese in Chinese terms; respected the Chinese terms for learning and worked to win converts among the scholarly class; displayed Western techonology to the Chinese |
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| Saint; landed at Kagoshima; preached widely and in 2 years won many converts |
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| Quaker; held a meeting of his Friends and was arrested; was not convicted |
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| The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found its best defense in him; political philosopher; published Second Treatsie of Civil Government; maintained that a government oversteps its proper function-protecting the natural rights of life, liberty, and property-becomes a tyranny; believed there are natural and universal rights for all peoples and socities |
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| Jewish widow; deeply religious and culture was steeped in Jewish literature, legends, and mystical and secular works; married Chayim at age 14; moved to Amsterdam for social business |
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| one of the most early influential socialist thinkers; proclaimed the tremendous possibilities of industrial development: "The age of gold is before us."; the key to progress was proper social organization |
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| reign saw the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople which lasted for a thousand years; had more than one hundred thousand men and a large fleet; nominated the Greek patriarch as official representative of the Greek population |
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| extended Ottoman dominion to its widest geographical extent; army crushed the Hungarians at Mohacs in 1526, killing the king and thousands of his nobles; renewed the French agreement with Henry II |
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| the terrible; brought under Russian control the entire Volga region; |
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| an Arabic word originally used by the Seljuk Turks to mean authority ot dominion; it was used by the Ottomans to connote political ans military supremacy |
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| a process whereby the sultan's agents swept the provinces fr Christian youths to become slaves |
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| Turkish for "recruits"; they formed the elite army corps; eliminated the influence of old Turkish families and played a central role in Ottoman military affairs in the 16th century |
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| a woman who is a recognized spouse but of lower status than a wife |
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| given the Turkish name Hurrem meaning joyful; married Suleiman; 1st slave concubine honored; mother of Selim II; Suleiman's closet confidant; sought to display the wealth of the sultanate and to keep peace between the Ottomans and the Safavids; founded a hospice for 55 pilgrims that included a soup kitchen that 400 pilgrims a day; Suleiman loved her dearly |
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| the dynasty that encompassed all of Persia and other regions; its state religion was Shi'ism |
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| Safavid powet reached its height under him; military achievements, support for trade and commerce, and endowment of the arts earned him the epithet "the Great"; moved the capital to Isfahan; adopted Ottoman practices of building an army of slaves who could serve as a counterweight; increased the use of gunppowder weapons and made alliances with European powers against the Ottomans and Portuguese; captured Baghdad, Mosul, and Diarbakr |
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| Turkish ruler of a small territory in Central Asia; captured Kabul and established a kingdom in Afghanistan; an adventurer; moved southward into India when he could not expand in Afghanistan; a gifted writer; wrote an autobiography in Turkish that recounted his military campaigns, described the places he encountered, etc. |
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| replaced Turkish with Persian as the offical language of the Mughal Empire; developed an administrative bureaucracy centered on four co-equal ministers, for finance and revenue |
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| greatest builder under the Ottomans; a Greekborn devshirme recruit who rose to become imperial architect under Suleiman; designed 312 public buildings; built Shehzade and Suleimaniye |
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| geographer and cartographer; produced a map incorporating Islamic and Western knowledge that showed all the known world; another of his maps detailed Columbus's third voyage to the New World; his book Book of the Seas contained 129 chapters, each with a map incoporating all Islamic knowledge of the seas and navigation and describing harbors, tides, etc. |
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| cheif physician of empire; produced a study on kidney and bladder stones and supported the research of the Jewish doctor Musa Colinus; founded the 1st Ottoman medical school |
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| served as the sultan's chief astronomer; built an observatory at Istanbul; his Instruments of the Observatory catalogued astronomical instruments and described an astronomical clock that fixed the location of heavenly bodies with greater precision than ever before |
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