Term
| Goals of Enlightenment (8) |
|
Definition
1) Spread knowledge + eliminate superstition
2) Intellectual freedom
3) Apply knowledge for betterment of society
4) Religious toleration
5) End privilages
6) Rationalize laws
7) Reform prisons
8) Promote literacy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 20 years of war = $119 million
- Religion/Politics. Spain @ forefront of international affairs @ spain's expense
- Phillip 2 wants to get rid of enemies of catholicism
- Determination to crush calvinism
- Conflicts increase because of poor harvests + taxes |
|
|
Term
| Napolean's decision to invade Russia |
|
Definition
- Continental system designed to choke england
- Russia doesn't cooperate to napoleans satisfaction.
- Decides to invade Russia w/"grand army", lost, exiled, returns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 5% of men could vote
- Parlimentary representation unequal
- Reform not forthcoming
- Peterlou massacre
- 6 Acts Passed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Radical skepticism
- Importance of reason
- Importance of experience + experiment
- Knowledge for social utility
(Cartesian Thought)
*Critical for Enlightenment* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Product of liberal whig party, moderate reform
- Increase sufferage, eliminated "rotten bourrogns" (places w/ no people being represented) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Bourbon monarchy restored Louis XVII
- Kept Napoleonic Code
- Conservative emigres returned and wanted old regime
- Charles X tried to get more conservative policies |
|
|
Term
| Basics of Classical Liberalism (4) |
|
Definition
- Rule of Law (everyone is subject to law)
- Individual rights (speech/religion)
- Rights to private property
- Laissez Faire economics |
|
|
Term
| The Industrial Revolution |
|
Definition
- Transforms Society
* - Economically
* - Material
* - Societal
* - Political
* - Intellectual |
|
|
Term
| Reformation (Caused by...) |
|
Definition
- Problems w/ christian church, elements of humanism spawn reformation.
- Helped by political conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Exporting ideas of French Revolution (liberty, equality, fraternity)
- "long 19th century" response to exporting of ideas: liberalism, democracy, nationalism.
- Destruction of HRT and elimination of smaller german territories = leads to German unification |
|
|
Term
| Conservative Principles in European Politics |
|
Definition
- Purpose was to keep monarchies intact and preserve international order
- Nationalism + Liberalism = challenge to conservative order |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Fredrick William "great elector"
-> Deal w/ junkers
- Fredrick I
-> King of Prussia
- Fredrick William I
-> Increased military and mandatory conscription
-> Army in search of state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Britain had passed laws to outlaw associations of workers, unions for skilled workers still formed
- Luddites = anti machine
- Legislation 9+16 yr olds: 12 hr days
under 9 cannot work |
|
|
Term
| Native Population of New World (3 Views) |
|
Definition
Midieval: They have a soul, can be saved (las casas)
Renaissance: Higher should rule over lower (gines)
Modern: enslavement not justified by nature (francisco) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Post revolutionary conservative thinkers even more royalist than burke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Simony
2) Pluralism
3) Absenteeism
4) Illiteracy
5) Misconduct |
|
|
Term
| Principles from Scientific Revolution (3) |
|
Definition
- Universe is rational
- Universe operates according to natural laws
- Because humanity has reason, we can discover laws that govern the universe |
|
|
Term
| The Enlightenment (Basic Definition) |
|
Definition
| - Takes Basic principles of scientific revolution and applies them beyond the field of science |
|
|
Term
| Criticisms of Industrial Revolution (6) |
|
Definition
- Exploitation of labor
- People treated like parts of machine
- Unhealthy working conditions
- Decrease in physical/moral health
- Decrease in possibility for improvement
- Sunday = Sleep = No church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- London 1851
- Worlds first fair
- Main attraction = exhibit that paid tribute to progress in science + technology |
|
|
Term
| Foundation of Conservative Principles (3) |
|
Definition
- Inheritance
- Institutions
- Limits of reason |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Reflections on the revolution of france
- Conservatism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Cottage Industry (work @ home)
-> Advantages for workers
- Factory System:
-> Advantages for employers
-> Location (move to where work is) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Punch Clock = restructuring of time
Agricultural -> Mechanical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Makes people part of machine
- Use/abuse of child labor
- Increase in productivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Austria, Prussia, and Russia were dedicated to preservation of conservative principles
- France added later |
|
|
Term
| Importance of Railroads (4) |
|
Definition
- Symbol of IR
- Connects mines + farms to cities
- Cheap transportation for products
- Cheap public transportation |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Mercantilism (6) |
|
Definition
1) Finite Economic Pie
2) Exports > Imports
3) Self Sufficiency
4) Acquire Colonies
5) Improve Communication/Transportation
6) Protect domestic industries |
|
|
Term
| "The Great Powers" AKA "Concert of Europe" (5) |
|
Definition
- Result of Congress of Vienna, made decisions
- Russia
- Austria
- Great Britain
- Prussia
- France |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Response to french revolution ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Denies ability to write a constitution
- All reform is doomes w/o the support of god |
|
|
Term
| Origins of Industrial Revolution (5) |
|
Definition
- Enclosures (stone walls)
- Crop rotations
- Less land in use, but more productive
- Few workers needed
- More food = lower prices = better nutrition = increase in population |
|
|
Term
| Lasting Impact of Congress of Vienna (3) |
|
Definition
1) New form of international legitimacy
2) Establishes concert of europe system (the great powers)
3) Alexander I establishes Holy Alliance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Guaranteed legal equity and and careers open to talent for men
- Men given paternal authority women children, and property
- National bank and education system
- Concordat with Rome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Factory owners provide cheap housing
-> More control
-> No job = you homeless son! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - People that share common language/history, land, culture, blood/religion, should form their own political entity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Consequence of Industrial Revolution
- Urban development unregulated
- Role of government unclear
-> Classical liberals = government has no role in regulation of growth
-> Unregulated growth = unsafe conditions |
|
|
Term
| Defenders of Revolution (4) |
|
Definition
- Adam Smith = Laissez Faire economics
- Andrew Ure = Machines replace human labor
- David Ricardo = "Iron Law of Wages"
- Increase in material prosperity and longevity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 Tax Reforms
- Lower taxes of peasants
- Paulette |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- City States dont fit into midieval world view
- Economies not based on agriculture. Sophistication = need for education
- Advanced banking + accounting, double entry book keeping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Napoleon defeats Prussia leads to period of reform in Prussia that would revitalize country |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Reaction to enlightenment
- There is something more to human existance that reason, truth + beauty are sublime
- Aesthetic movement
-> Literature/Philosophy/Art
- Universe = organic whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Wrote "orientation on the dignity of man"
-> Humanist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Urban/Commercial power with a cultural tradition = contrast to midieval christian alternative
- Inspires active/meaningful life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Printing press, cheap reproduction of literature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meeurch to reform corrupt practices and respond to doctrinal differences w/ protestants |
|
|
Term
| Development of Atlantic Economy and Modern Capitalism |
|
Definition
Triangle trade
- Commodity 4 Africa = Slaves that mines and worked plantations
- Development of trade companies
- Joint stock companies |
|
|
Term
| Civic Humanism (Niccolo Machiavelli) |
|
Definition
Niccolo Machiavelli
- Importance of education, skepticism
- Focus on individual, secular
(Feared/Loved) |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Humanism |
|
Definition
1) Antiquity
2) Language
3) Secularism
4) Skepticism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reasons for Age of Exploration |
|
Definition
1) Eastern Trade
2) Fame
3) Fortune
4) Faith
5) Possibilities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Salvation comes through faith
- 95 Thesises, refuses to take back what he said |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Baptistry ceiling represents midieval view, importance of patronage
- Patronage of artists = statement of wealth and power
- Ghilberti's achievement = door |
|
|
Term
| Mercantilism (Define + who invented it) |
|
Definition
- Jean Baptiste Colbert
- Direct economic policy for benefit of the state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Charles X's efforts to control parliament + press cause anger
- Increase in food prices + consequences of Industrial Revolution
- Charles X Replaced by Louis Phillipe
-> Citizen king doubles sufferage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Declared Himself head of church of England
- Married 6 times |
|
|
Term
| The Renaissance (General) |
|
Definition
| - Rediscovery of antiquity + development of humanism = new focus on secular world |
|
|
