(d 87 AD) of Tarsus converted to Christianity at 22 years of age after having earlier persecuted the sect. He helped to popularize Christianity by molding it like a mystery cult and is most famous for his "Epistles" which form part of the New Testament.

in the west originated with St. Benedict in the early 6^th c AD. He built the monastery of Monte Cassino in Southern Italy where monks divided their time between spiritual exercises and manual labor.

Visigoths

became King of the Salian Franks in 470 AD and by his death in 511 AD, he had succeeded in uniting all the Prankish tribes. Of the Merovingian clan, he was the first of the Prankish rulers to convert to Roman Catholicism.

Gregory of Tours

Merovingian

Germanic law

during the early Middle Ages aimed primarily at the regulation of violence and warfare. The unwritten system of justice was based upon customs involving personal relations between individuals and a set of fines or compensations for war crimes.

is complicated by the lack of source material.According to most historians, this makes writing a life of Jesus impossible. Historical sources cannot even prove the existence of Christ whereas religious ones are evangelical and should not be looked upon as reflection what actually occurred.

ravaged Europe during the 100 Years War and took the lives of approximately 33% of the population.

Council of Constance 1415 AD

Battle of Crecy 1346 AD

between France and England symbolized the end of the era of

mounted knights who were slaughtered by the English foot soldiers and their long bows.

was the practice of Vassals taking Vassals. This often occurred when a fief proved too large or difficult to govern causing it to be split up into more manageable units.

"Timor mortis conturbat me"

occurred if a vassal died and left no heirs then his property would revert back to his lord.

was an effort by 12^th c philosophers like Anselm, Aquinas, Abelard, Duns Scotus, and Lombard to harmonize church teaching with Aristotelian ideas It stressed reason and logic rather than scientific observation.

 conquered England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 AD. He created a strong feudal monarchy in England requiring all nobles to swear an oath of loyalty directly to him (the Salisbury Oath). He also compiled the Doomsday Book (an audit of England's wealth) and created the Curia Regis or court of the king to administer justice throughout the realm. William died in 1087 AD.

were heretics in southern France who denounced the catholic church and believed in the Manichean concept of a god of good who governed spiritual things and a god of evil who ruled the physical world. Thej- believed that Jesus' body .was celestial not physical and celebrated a ritual of consolemnation in place of the sacraments. They did not accept the resurrection of the body or purgatory and believed in the transmigration of souls. They believed suicide by starvation to be honorable. A papal crusade was sanctioned against themled by Simon DeMonfort and joined by Belgian and German princes who ceded captured land to the French king Louis VHI.

or poor priests led by heretic preacher John Wycliff who attacked celibacy, the sacraments and the sale of indulgences. They accepted the bible as the sole source of truth and beleieved that the validity of the sacraments depended upon the morality of the priest who administered them.

summoned to meet in Paris in 1302 AD by Philip the Fair. It was designed as a kind of legislature consisting of three estates: the clergy, the nobility and the bourg&osie. They voted by estate and unlike the English parliament did not meet on a regular basis. They convened at the behest of the king usually only in times of war or financial crisis

is a split over authority which occurred in 1054 AD between the Greek and Roman catholic churches when the two patriarchs excommunicated one another.

Third Crusade 

 witnessed a major rivalry over leadership between Philip Augustus of France and Richard the Lionheart of England. When French and German forces left Richard all alone and returned home, the crusadecould not be won although the Moslem leader Saladin agreed to reopen Jerusalemto western pilgrims and_guarantee their safety

 included a request from Byzantine emperor Alexius I for assistance to retake land lost to theTurks, a desire to protect pilgrims to Jerusalem from attack, land hunger of European nobles who were without a kingdom and the call of pope

 Urban II "Dieu li volt" or god wills it.

archbishop of Canterbury under Henry II who sided with the pope in refusing the king's right to try clerics in civil courts. He was killed by Henry's knights and was shortly thereafter canonized as a saint. It was a major victory for the church and pope Alexander III over the English state.

was a term applied to thejjreservation and copying ancient Roman manuscripts using lower case letters, (miniscule), by catholic monks who had taken refuge in lona during the barbian invasions and who now returned to the continent to form the bulk of Charlemagne's administration at Aachen

 the military and political organization of medieval western Europe based on the holding of land in fief and the resultant relationship between lord and vassal.

included granting his source of livlihood (land- equipment • and labor), protection from attack and fair treatment by his peers.

included the primary responsibility of fighting; (about 40 days per year), bringing disputes with other nobles to the lord's court, providing aids of money for knighting and doweries of the lord's chidren, providing hospitality and other feudal dues and ransoming the lord if he was captured in battle.

messengers of the lord Charlemagne who travelled on circuit to administer the affairs of state, check upon local officials and report to the king

divided Charlemagne's empire between his grandsons Charles the Bald (France), Louis the German (Germany) and Lothair (Italy).

 the ceremony of becoming a vassal involving an oath of homage and fealty.

 the noble obligation of chivalry based upon the concept that privilegs imply responsibilities

or rank among nobles in the feudal state included from top to bottom; the king. ( usually with little actual power but nonetheless the head of the_govemment), the chief nobles (dukes and counts) who held the real power, suzerains or overlord who administered several estates or manors, the vassal with the castle and the knights who functioned as an armored division in warfare. Note that every noble who served a greater lord was known as his vassal or servant. The term "my lord" meant the next noble above you.

acquired the crown of Holy Roman Emperor for Austria in 1273 AD following the collapse of the Hohenstaufen dynasty in the German states

 the Capetian practice of crowning your own son and ruling jointly inaugerated by Hugh Capet (987-996 AD) in France.

an appointed official by Philip Augustus of France who administerd the king's justice, collected taxes and administered the affairs of state. He replaced theprevot whose position was inherited rather than appointed and was supervised by the enqueteurs.

consisted of as many as-70 cities at one time or another from the 14^th to the 17^th c who controlled trade in the Baltic and North Seas. The city of Lubeck was the generally acknowledged leader.

were holiday trade festivals held at important crossroads or intersections between towns from the 12^th to 15^th c. Gradually, they became permanent sites on which the great cities of Europe emerged (e g Frankfurt, Brussels, Champagne, and Novgorad.)

1058 AD was the brainchild of the fiery German monk Hildebrand, who urged Pope Nicholas II to issue an edict transferring the election of the pope from the German and Italian nobility to a special ecclesiastical body consisting entirely of high-ranking bishops it was a part of Hildebrand's struggle against lay investiture.

involved the question of whether the Pope or secular rulers (particularly kings) had the right to invest bishops with their lands and symbols of office.(I e staff & ring) A series of major conflicts between church and state developed over this issue in the Holy Roman Empire, England and France.

or Hildebrand excommunicated Henry II. the Holy Roman Emperor over the issue of lay investiture in 1076 AD. This forced Henry to go to Conossa and ask forgiveness. The Pope complied with his request but a civil war in Germany erupted between Rudolf of Hapsburg's papal forces and those loyal to the emperor. The result was Henry's defeat but he managed to depose the Pope and sack Rome before his death in 1106 AD.

an island off the coast of Scotland was the center of western Christian from the 6 to the 9^thcenturies.

  the English department of the royal treasury established by Edward I

pope ca. 1300 AD who became involved in a dispute with French king Philip the Fair over taxation of the clergy. This major struggle between church and state led to the victory of the latter and the actual capture of the pope by French forces. Though later released., Boniface died shortly thereafter leading to the election of Clement V the first Avignon pope.

 church courts in which the defendant was presumed guilty, usually of heresy, as charged. The charge itself led to the forfeiture of all the defendant'sproperty and torture was routinely used to extract confessions from those who plead innocent

nominalism

created a crisis in western Christian thought with the reintroduction of book 4 of his work On the Heavens in which he depicted an impersonal deity at work on the governance of the cosmos as prime mover. He also asserted that while god was eternal the human soul was not because itsprimary function of intelligibility depended upon the sense perceptions of the body which was mortal. He also did not accept that the world was created from nothingness.

 papal document or bull issued by Boniface VIII which asserted that both spiritual and temporal _power (i.e. church and state) were under the power and authority of the Roman see; that is, the pope is superior to secular rulers in his authority.

Edda

Magna Carta 1215 AD

Model Parliament of King Edward I

Gothic style of architecture

refers to the buying and sellhiR of church officesparticularly bishoprics in order to obtain tithing privileges and other church prerogatives like the sale of indulgences.

lasted until 1453 AD due primarily to Greek naval superiority, the excellent defensible position of Constantinople, and the survival of Roman style bureaucracy and military tactics. This eastern half of the old Roman Empire served as a buffer state against Islam and preserved much Greco-Roman knowledge lost to the west.

involved the condemnation of image worship(statues etc...) by the Byzantine emperor Leo III (717-741 AD). In the west, Pope Gregory III excommunicated all who accepted Leo's decree. The conflict was one of the major causes of the schism between Rome and Constantinople in 1054 AD.

 the birthplace of Mohammed and the holy city of Islamlocated in Saudi Arabia inland from the Red Sea. It contains the sacred Kaaba and is the place of the annual pilgrimage.

are: faith, prayer, fasting, almsgiving, and pilgrimage.These comprise the basic tenets of the Moslem religion which are spelled out in detail in Koran or Moslem Bible.