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| he secret religious society in China that led the Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901). It became widespread after 1898. Those who joined the society vowed “not to be greedy, not to indulge in debauchery, not to disobey parents, not to violate existing laws, and to destroy foreigners and kill corrupt officials.” The society’s teachings were dominated by medieval backwardness, completely rejecting Western science and culture. The group was especially active in Shantung and Chihli provinces and drew its chief support from peasants, who naively believed that if they trained their bodies and learned certain magical incantations they would achieve immortality in fighting the enemy. Their anti-imperialist struggle was accompanied by attacks on the feudal nobility and the Ch’ing authorities. |
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| 1809-1882) He wrote On the origin of species by means of natural selection which puts forth the idea that within species and between species there was a struggle for survival and that variations among members of a species made them better fitted to survive. The descent of man applied these ideas to human development. |
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| The application of Darwin’s principle of organic evolution to the social order; led to the belief that progress comes from the struggle for survival as the fittest advance and the weak decline. Thus through science race became a “natural” category to differentiate types and ranks- this placed the white anglo saxon males at the pinnacle of intellectual, moral, and physical development. The key impact of this was to justify the control of the “undesireables”. At home this meant the criminals, prostitutes, mentally ill, and those seen as foreign within a nation state while abroad it meant the indigenous peoples. |
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| (1865-1936) Wrote the “White Man’s Burden” which captured the notion that many Europeans justified imperialism because they believed that superior white people’s had a moral obligation to raise ignorant native people to a higher level of civilization. The Western attempt to justify imperialism on the basis of moral responsiblitity, evident in Kipling’s poem, was often hypocritical. |
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| (1853-1902) British policy was largely determined in South Africa by him. Rhodes founded both diamond and gold companies that monopolized production of these precious commodities. He was a great champion of British expansion. He wanted to create a series of British colonies all linked by railroad. But his imperialist ambitions resulted in his downfall and he was forced to resign as prime minister of Cape Colony after he conspired to overthrow the Boer governemtn of the South African republic without british approval. |
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| (19th C.) This plan called for a minimal troop deployment against Russia while most of the German army would make a rapid invasion of western france by way of natural belgiium. They wanted to avoid a two front war by knocking out western front quickly then sending troops east. Britain agrees tos end expeditionary force to protect France and ensure Belgium neutrality. Under this plan, Germany could not mobilize its troops solely against Russia and therefore declared war on France on August 3rd. |
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| (1914) The assassination of the Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife, Sophia on June, 28 ,1914, was carried out by a Bosnian activist who worked for the Black Hand, a Serbian terrorist organization dedicated to the creation of a pan-Slavic kingdom. The Austrian government did not know whether the Serbian government had been directly involved in the archduke’s assassination, they wanted to go to war with Serbia. This event precipitated the confrontation between Austria and Serbia that led to WWI. |
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| Archduke Franz-Ferdinand: |
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| He was the heir to the Austrian throne, (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.[1] His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. This caused the Central Powers (including Germany and Austria-Hungary) and the Allies of World War I (countries allied with Serbia) to declare war on each other, starting World War I. He also advocated a careful approach towards Serbia - repeatedly locking horns with Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, Vienna's hard-line Chief of the General Staff, warning that harsh treatment of Serbia would bring Austria-Hungary into open conflict with Russia, to the ruin of both Empires. |
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| When Austrian leaders sought the backing of their German allies. Emperor William II and his chancellor Theobald Von Bethmann-Hollweg, responded with the infamous blank check, which was their assurance that Austria- Hungary could rely on Germany’s full support, even if matters went to the length of a war between Austria-Hungary and Russia. Still division on whether Germany actually thought they would go to war when they made this assurance. |
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| (20th C.) He was the chief of staff of the Russians. The war in the east was marked by much more mobility, although the cost in lives was equally enormous. At the beginning of the war, the Russian army moved into eastern Germany but was decisively defeated at the Battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes. These battles established his military reputation. |
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| (1915) He was the leader of the Ministry of Munitions. This ministry took numerous steps to ensure that private industry would produce war material at limited profits. It was given the power to take over plants manufacturing war goods that did not cooperate with the government. |
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| women going into “men’s” work during WWI to help build ammunitions; most women left the Workplace after the war |
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| to put aside disagreements and work together to preserve their countries because wartime means that survival meant more than judicial disagreements; |
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| president when the US entered WWI after 2 years of being neutral; offered ideological justifications to join the war; offered 14 Points as a basis for a peace settlement; part of the “Big 3” and League of Nations |
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| states Germany was responsible for starting the war and is therefore responsible for all the war damage caused by the First World War; war guilt |
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| was set up for collective security after WWI ended; goal was to ensure that war never broke out again |
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| President Wilson submitted to the U.S. Congress this outline; he believed justified the enormous military struggle as being fought for a moral cause; later he spelled out additional steps for a truly just and lasting peace; instead of a secret diplomacy he called for an open one, reduction of national armaments, and self-determination of peoples |
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| (1870-1924) a lawyer, led the other faction the Bolsheviks, was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years (1917–1924), as it fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil War and worked to create a socialist economic system; as a politician, Lenin was a persuasive orator, as a political scientist his extensive theoretic and philosophical developments of Marxism produced Marxism–Leninism, the pragmatic Russian application of Marxism. |
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| (1879-1940) middle-class, rapid industrialization and internationalizer, was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician, and the founder and first leader of the Red Army; was initially a supporter of the Menshevik Internationalists faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. He joined the Bolsheviks and eventually became a leader within the Party. He was a major figure in the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War; after leading a failed struggle against the rise of Joseph Stalin in the 1920s and the increasing role of bureaucracy in the Soviet Union, Trotsky was successively removed from power, expelled from the Communist Party, deported from the Soviet Union and assassinated on Stalin's orders. An early advocate of Red Army intervention against European fascism, Trotsky also opposed Stalin's non-aggression pact with Adolf Hitler in the late 1930s. |
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| a faction of the Marxist Social Democratic Party made up of soviets; they wanted the Social Democrats to be a mass electoral socialist party based on a Western model; they were willing to cooperate temporarily in a parliamentary democracy while working toward the ultimate achievement of a socialist state |
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(1917-1921) (Russian Civil War) was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire fought between the Bolshevik Red Army and the White Army the loosely-allied anti-Bolshevik forces. Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army, notably the Allied Forces and the pro-German armies. The Red Army defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine and the army in Siberia in 1919. The remains of the White forces were beaten in Crimea and got evacuated in the autumn of 1920. A number of independent countries – Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland – established themselves in the war.
New Economic Policy (NEP)
March 1921
Proposed by Vladimir Lenin in Russia
Allowed small animal businesses or smoke shops to reopen for profit, while the state continued to control banks, foreign trade, and large industries.
The NEP was eventually replaced by Stalin’s First Five Year Plan in 1928.
This is significant because after the failed policy of war communism, the NEP improved the efficiency of food distribution and especially benefited the peasants. |
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| Gosplan (State Planning Committee) |
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Established in 1921 (It was around when NEP was introduced)
Responsible for the economic planning in the Soviet Union
Main duty was the creation and supervision of Five-Year-Plans, which were a series of nation-wide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union.
Throughout the existence of the Soviet Union its significance was in translating general economic objectives outlined by the Communist Party into specific national plans. |
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Premier of the Soviet Union from May 6th 1941 to May 5th 1953.
He was one of the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October revolution in Russia in 1917.
He later held the position of General Secretary of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union’s Central Committee from 1922 until his dead in 1953.
The office of the General Secretary was not officially elective and not initially regarded as the top position in the Soviet state, Stalin managed to use it to consolidate more and more power in his hands after the death of Lenin in 1924 and gradually put down all opposition groups within the Communist party including Trotsky.
Trotsky was an exponent of permanent revolution, it was Stalin’s concept of socialism in one country that became the primary focus of Soviet politics.
Stalin replaced the New Economic Policy with a highly centralized command economy and Five-Year Plans that launched a period of rapid industrialization and economic collectivization in the countryside.
The USSR was transformed into a great industrial power, the basis for its emergence as the world’s second largest economy after WWII. |
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Collectivization in the Soviet Union was enforced under Stalin between 1928 and 1940. The goal of this policy was to consolidate individual land and labour into collective farms.
The Soviet leadership was confident that the replacement of individual peasant farms by collective farms would immediately increase the food supply for urban populations, the supply of raw materials for processing industry, and agricultural exports.
Collective farms are significant because they were thought to be the solution to the crisis of agricultural distribution (mainly in grain deliveries) that had developed since 1927. There were food shortages in the cities and in the army.
In the early 1930s over 90% of agricultural land was “collectivized” as rural households entered collective farms with their land, livestock, and other assets. The sweeping collectivization often involved tremendous human and social costs. |
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According to the Soviet terminology, the peasants were divided into three broad categories: bednyaks, or poor peasants; serednyaks, or mid-income peasants; and kulaks, the higher-income farmers who had larger farms than most Russian peasants.
The Stolypin reform created a new class of landowners by allowing peasants to acquire plots of land for credit from the large estate owners.Stolypin’s intention was to create a stable group of prosperous farmers who would form a natural conservative political force.
By the outbreak of WWI it was estimated that around 15% of Russian farmers were kulaks.
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks considered the kulaks as class enemies because they owned land.
In the early years, being classified as a kulak carried no penalty other than mistrust from the Soviet authorities. During the height of collectivization, however, people identified as kulaks were subjected to deportation and extrajudicial punishment. They were often murdered in local violence; others were formally executed after conviction as kulaks.
In 1929 it was official Soviet policy that the kulak should not be terrorized and should be enlisted into the collective farms. (Stalin disagreed, he wanted to break their “resistance” and eliminate them as a class.)
In January 1930 the extermination of kulaks as a class was approved. (Execution and imprisonment) |
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Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party, ruling Italy from 1922 to his ousting in 1943, and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism.
Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party and editor of the Avanti! From 1912 to 1914, Mussolini fought in WWI as an ardent nationalist and created the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919, catalyzing his nationalist and socialist beliefs in the Fascist Manifesto, published in 1921.
Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy and began using the title II Duce by 1925, about which time he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. |
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The 1922 March on Rome was to establish Mussolini and the Fascist Party he led, as the most important political party in Italy.
“Either the government will be given to us or we shall seize it by marching on Rome.”
The military in Rome far out-numbered the Fascists who were poorly armed. However King Victor Emmanuel was convinced that any form of conflict would lead to a civil war.
Mussolini was summoned by the King and was sworn in as Prime Minister on October 30th 1922. The King believed he would fail.
By November 1922, parliament let Mussolini rule by decree for one year.
People were intimidated by him enough that no one would oppose him. |
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Started to be practiced by Mussolini in mid 20th century
Key element: the state comes before the individual (reverse of enlightenment’s focus on individual rights)
Mussolini tried to organize the economy through imposing vertical relations (economic corporatism).
The basic idea of corporatism is that the society and economy of a country should be organized into major interest groups (sometimes called corporations) and representatives of those interest groups settle any problems through negotiation and joint agreement.
Corporatism is significant because in practice it was used to destroy labor movements and to suppress political dissent. |
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Fascism rose to power and became international in the early 20th century via fascist Italy and Mussolini.
The key tenants of Fascism include: a overwhelming use of patriotism and nationalism; a tendency to find some group to blame for the country's problems as well as a disdain for communism; rights of the nation before the rights of an individual; intertwining of military and government; use of the dominant religion to promote party goals and values; a suppression of laborers, intellectuals, artists, and critics; as well as a tendency toward corruption to the centralization of power.
Fascist doctrine is significant because the rise of Fascism in Europe prior to WWII was partly in response to the earlier rise of socialist governments. |
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| British started using this new policy during the “Diplomatic Revolution” of 1930-1936. Hitler wanted military rearmament for Germany so for part of it Britain made the Anglo-German Navel Pact on June 18th, 1935 that said Germany could build a navy the size of 35% of the British navy with equal submarines. They allowed this because of their appeasement view: the belief that if European powers satisfied reasonable demand of dissatisfied powers, the latter would be content, and stability and peace would be achieved. |
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| Hitler invaded Poland on Sept. 1 1939 and wanted to make sure the West and Soviet Union didn’t make an alliance and create a two-front war so he made a non-aggression pact with Stalin on August 23, 1939. Gave Hitler freedom to attack Poland shocked whole world including Japan who wanted to cooperate w/ Germany to go against Soviet Union. |
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| During World War II or the Great Patriotic War to the Soviets. In the 1940s they built factories for machines. The Kharkov Tank Factory produced its first 25T-34 tanks only 10 weeks after the plant was built. It was an industrial revolution for the Soviet Union and Stalin called it the “Battle of Machine.” The Soviets won this battle and produced 78,000 tanks and 98,000 artillery pieces. Aircraft production went up 40% and 2,000 tanks made per month. |
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| After “phony war” in 1840, Hitler resumed war on April 19th and on June 5th Germans launched an attack into Southern France. 5 days later Mussolini thought war was over and wanted to grab some of the supplies and invaded France from South but surrendered to German offensive on June 22nd. Germans occupied 3/5 of France and French hero of WWI—Marshal Henri Petain—established authoritarian regime (Vichy France) over remainder. Allies regarded them as a Nazi puppet state. |
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| While the United States was involved in supplying themselves and the other Allies w/ huge quantities of tanks, trucks, jeeps, and airplanes in the 40s to win the war, there was a lot of mobilization (WWII) in the US. This created problems for Japanese Americans who were discriminated against. On the West Coast, 110,000 Japanese Americans (65% born in U.S.) were moved to camps and required to take loyalty oaths. |
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| These people were part of the costs of World War II (1945). Millions of people had been uprooted by the war and found it hard to return home. 25 million Soviets without homes, 11 million P.O.W.s, 15+ million forcibly moved in central and eastern Europe. |
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| A social development in post war Europe. It also represented another extension of the power of the state over the lives of its citizens. Goal was to make it possible for people to live better and more meaningful lives. Eliminated poverty, homelessness, provided medical services, ensured dignity for older people, and extended educational opportunities for all who wanted them achieve happiness. |
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| During the Cold War (1960-70) happened in 1962 after the Bay of Pigs, and Berlin Wall in 1961. It was due to the Cold War confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. Soviet Union (Castro) decided to station nuclear missiles in Cuba. U.S. didn’t want to allow that Kennedy decided to blockade Cuba. This brought the world frighteningly close to nuclear war. |
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| U.S. has been influential in shaping popular culture in the West and the rest of the world through movies, music, advertising, and television consumerism. (1920s-50s) |
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| Founded French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served its first president from 1959-1969. He was a leader in WWII during the Battle of France in 1940. He also founded the political party called the Rally of the French People and was voted back to prime minister during May 1858 crisis. As president he ended the political chaos. He resigned after losing a referendum in 1969. |
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| putting exponents on inflation |
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from France, he invades Rohr Valley (1923-1925) it's an invasion of West Germany, basically, if
Germans don't pay money, French will extract the money (led to hyperinflation) led National Bloc government |
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| leader of German government during the Weimar Republic, wants to stabilize economies, reconciliation between Germany and |
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| 7 treaties negotiated in Switzerland in October 1925. Had representatives from France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Czech and Poland (Stresemann signed a bunch of treaties of arbitration) allowed Germany to join the League of Nations if they were to respect France and Belgium |
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| (1889-1945) chancellor of Germany in 1933, leader of the Nazi Party, had the main goal of a pure race |
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| leader of the SA (Nazi militia, storm troopers that intimidate political rivals) he eventually criticized Hitler and spoke for need of a "second revolution" Hitler had Rohm killed along with many other SA leaders |
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| led the SS (Hitler's protection squad) functioned on the base of terror and ideology. Himmler believed in the goal to further the Aryan race. He was responsible for following through on the "final solution" (annihilation of Jewish people) |
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| living space" the doctrine, adopted by Hitler, that a nation's power depends on the amount of land it occupies; thus, a nation must expand to be strong |
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| Also called Night of Shattered Glass. Led to Jews being barred from all public buildings and prohibited from owning or managing stores. Synagogues burned, offices destroyed, 30,000 Jews deported to concentration camps, over 90 dead. A German secretary was assassinated by a Polish Jew, which gave Nazis an excuse to go on a destructive rampage |
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| called by Reinhard Heydrich on January 20, 1942 "The Final Solution" eliminating Jews. It was a step by step process of how to eliminate Jews |
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