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| Causes of the French Revolution |
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Political and Social Inequalities
France still practised feudalism in the 18th century. The nobles and clergy enjoyed special privileges. They did not have to pay taxes. The common people did not have power and freedom in politics. They worked hard and had to pay heavy taxes. The nobles and clergy made up the First and Second Estates in the Estates General. The common people (i.e. the middle class (bourgeoisie), peasants and artisans) made up the Third Estate.
Bankruptcy of the Government
Louis XIV had spent too much. His successors did not cut down expenses. Louis XVI also failed to improve the financial situation. He dismissed ministers who tried to introduce financial reforms. By 1789, the government was bankrupt.
Influence of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution
The ideas and writings of Enlightenment thinkers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau became widespread. The French people were inspired to go against their king.
The suucess of the Americans to overthrow British rule encouraged the French to fight for their freedom.
Outbreak of revolution 1789
When Louis XVI finally called the Estates General to solve financial difficulties, the Third Estate did not agree with the unfair system of the Estates General. They formed the National Assembly to make a constitution. People were afraid that the king would suppress the National Assembly. They were also discontented that the king dismissed Necker, the popular Finance Minister. The hungry Parisians, who suffered from bad harvest, burst out their anger by attacking the Bastille prison (for political prisoners). The Fall of Bastille started the French Revolution. It spread out to other parts of France.
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-Issued on April 13, 1598, by Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantia rightsl in a nation still considered essentially Catholic
-the edict offered many specific concessions to the Protestants, such as amnesty and the reinstatement of their civl rights including the right to work in any field or for the State and to bring grievances directly to the king. It marks the end of the religious wars that tore apart the population of France during the second half of the 16th century |
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| the cottage industry includes many producers, working from their homes typically part time. The term originally referred to home workers who were engaged in a task such as sewing or household manufacturing. Business operators would travel around, buying raw materials delivering them to people who would work on them, and then collecting the finished goods to sell, or typically to ship to another market. |
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The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states and held from September, 1814 to June, 1815.Its objective was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolution Wars, the Napoleonic Wars. and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
-This objective resulted in the redrawing of the continent's political map, establishing the boundaries of France, Napoleon's duchy of Warsaw, the Netherlands, the states of the Rhine, the German province of Saxony and various Italian territories,
-The Congress of Vienna was a model for the Leauge of Nations and the United Nations due to its goal to constitute peace by all parties. |
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Westernized by Peter the Great
-won the great northern war against the swedes (1700-1721)
-new calander
-changes in foreign trade
-well educated
-stronger navy and overall military
-new fashion
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The Enclosure Acts
Encloser means: is the process which was used to end some traditional rights, such as mowing meadows for hay, or grazing livestock on land which is owned by another person, or a group of people. |
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Were a series of UK acts of Parliment which enclosed open fields and common lands in the country. This meant that the rights that people once held to graze animals on these areas as well as use the resources(wood, water, etc.) of the area were denied.
-Inclosure Acts for small areas had been passed sporadically since the 12th century but the majority were passed between 1750 and 1860. Much larger areas were also enclosed during this time and in 1801 the 1845 another Inclosure Act was passed to tidy up previous acts. In followed for the appointment of Inclosure Commissioners who could enclose land without submitting a request to Parliment.
-The Inclosure Acts encouraged many English country-dwellers to move to urban areas where they might typically become employed in wage labor jobs,
-In Marxist interpretation, the Inclosure Acts can be seen as a process of bringing land and people into the sphere of capitalist social relations through political force |
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| is the name given to the heliocentric model developed by Nicolaus copernicus and first published in 1543 just before he died. His work is often regarded as the starting point of modern astronomy and the defining epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.The Copernican heliocentric model, with the sun at the center of the universe, demonstrated that the observed motions of celestial objects can be explained without putting the Earth at rest in the center of the universe. |
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steam engine and effects on Industrial Revolution |
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-pushed cotton industry to greater productivity
-steam engine was indspensable
-demand for coal quadrupeled
-Steam power was not only used in engines but also in localmotives, furnaces and other factory appliances that were difficult to implement prior to the invention of steam power. |
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the failure of absolutism in Spain
Absolutism: a form of government where the monarch has the power to rule their land freely, with no laws or legally-organized direct opposition in force |
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-institutions were not as lively as france
-military had seen many defeats and army was weak in Europe
-The Spaniards ruled more territory then France but land was made up of more principalities which were far more depenedent
-Almost went bankrupt
1) opposition he faced after taxation ideas were sent out
2) military failure
3) opposition of principalities |
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| was the European Christian reform movement that established Protestantism as a constituent branch of contemporary Christianity. It began in 1517 when Martin Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses, and concluded in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that ended years of European religious wars.[1] |
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| was a period of violence that occurred for one year and one month after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution." Estimates vary widely as to how many were killed, with numbers ranging from 16,000 to 40,000; in many cases, records were not kept, or if they were, they are considered likely to be inaccurate. |
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| s economic nationalism for the purpose of building a wealthy and powerful state. Adam Smith coined the term “mercantile system” to describe the system of political economy that sought to enrich the country by restraining imports and encouraging exports. This system dominated Western European economic thought and policies from the sixteenth to the late eighteenth centuries. The goal of these policies was, supposedly, to achieve a “favorable” balance of trade that would bring gold and silver into the country and also to maintain domestic employment. |
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-Napoleon came to power in 1799
-Very energetic and high self esteem
-Continued the rational organization of Frances organization
-Wanted to keep government more organized
-He laid down new code of law and made the bureaucracy more centralized
-Wanted to make the state the instrument of social and political control
-He was devoted to non-religious
-French law had been confusing with some laws in the north being different then the south of France, was not a uniform law across the entire land.
-This code reflected the values of Napoleonic land
-Equality of the sexes was not included this code, in fact men controlled all family property
-All male heirs were entitled to a portion of their parents estate upon fathers death but women were not included
-All power came from Paris, council estate exercised direct control over the provinces
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status of unfree peasants under feudalism
Serfdom was the enforced labor of serfs on the fields of landowners, in return for protection and the right to work on their leased fields. |
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| the period of the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth period (1640-1660), in which Parliament challenged King Charles I's authority, engaged in civil conflict against his forces, and executed him in 1649. This was followed by a ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the "Commonwealth", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son. |
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| was an English military and political leader best known in England for his involvement in making England into a republican commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. Events that occurred during his reign and his politics are a cause of animosity between Ireland and the UK |
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| is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade. The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers. They were organized in a manner something between a trade union, a cartel and a secret society. |
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| was the trading, primarily of African people, to the colonies of the New World that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean. It lasted from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Most enslaved people were shipped from West African and Central Africa and taken to North and South America to labor on sugar coffee cocoa and cotton plantations, and rice, silver, and gold. |
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| was the nickname given to the supporters of Parliment during the english civil war. |
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| was the name used by Parlimentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the english civil wars |
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| the term was popularly applied to all supporters of revolutionary opinion during the French revolution |
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