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| 1154-1455, kings throw out the noble as unnecessary and inherits Danish taxation. English wool trade is beginning which is the motor of English prosperity. The trade is rich and easily taxed. Creates salried officials in sherriff and reeves as opposed to William the Conqueror who just gave them land. England is conquered; country is united in language; customs; institutions; taxes. Parliament is good for now, king bargains with it, easier, more efficient to tax citizens and assert will. Puts English on fast track but also causes trouble with nobles |
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| France, there is a dissappearence of central authority and the tradition was built of passing the crown by hereditary line. Dynasty lasted from 987 to 1792. Originally selected because made no threat to the independence of the nobility, had a close association with church. Louis the sixth from 1108-1137 reduced to nobles to obedience causing less trouble between nobles and kings and established effective control over the lands and gave him a block of territory, encouraged economic growth and he collected revenues from trade this way. Successful because they procreate for a long time. Inherit Charlemegne’s ability to use propaganda to support their cause. In order to gain land, which was a very gradual process in France as compared to England, they buy off nobles, wait for a family to die off and then assert claims to their land. No conquest or war is needed. |
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| Style of Western European architecture and art that developed in the 12th century; the style is characterized by vaulting and pointed arches. Significant in that it represents a step into Modern Christianity as compared to Medieval Chrisitanity. Its emphasis on geometry and rationality represents the logic and humanistic attributes of the early Modern period Christianity. It is a step away from an obsession with death and apocalaypse and a step towards living in this world and becoming more knowledgeable about the things around you. |
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| or written law used by the ancient Romans which influenced laws throughout western Europe until the 1800s. It is a tool kings use and it is valueable because at this time, the kings were newcomers to ruling in a monarchy, they are breaking with tradition of feudal society and need something like this to legitimize their actions |
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| aka Albigensians. A European sect which believed that two deities were fighting for supremecy of the universe. It was the God of the old Testament versus the God of the new. They lived as athsetics, The “Perfects” abstaining from sexual intercourse, the believers acting as the reproducers. Denied the church and sacraments. They represent a form of heresy which was common at the time of the 11th and 12th centuries. Comes as a result of the expansion of Europe which meant population was more mobile and exposed to new ideas. Christian Church believed this to be heresy which led to the Albigensian Crusade, a precursor to the Inquisition. Signigifancant in that is wasn’t against other nations, but the people of Europe. |
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| important unifying force for the Muslims in the Third Crusade (1189-1192). He had captured Jerusalem and was threatening to eliminate the kingdom entirely, the reason why the Europeans came in and fought. The reason why the Crusades ended up as being an ultimate failure for the Euros because the Muslims became unified under Saladin. 1187-recaptures Jerusalem for Muslims, then comes the Third Crusade in response to this. |
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| Grants to sinners by the Roman Catholic Church that reduced time for their souls in purgatory before they can ascend to heaven. Integral in the early middle ages as a motivating factor for going on Crusades. Also significant because it reveals the corruption of the early church and their fight to gain a dominant place in society |
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| Pope during the time of the beginnings of the Crusades in the early 11th century. He played a significant role in getting the nobility to fight using the justification of taking back the holy land and overcoming the Muslims. |
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| a cluniac monk who ruled as pope from 1073-1085. Played an important role in reforming the papacy during the time of the Western Church reform. Designed the College of Cardinals. Asserted that the pope wield absolute authority in church matters, he could overrule any local bishop and thought all Christian princes should answer to the pope in spiritual matters, and the pope should be able to guide princes, leading to a direct conflict between the emperor and Henry IV, eventually leading to his excommunication, but ended up losing in the end. Still claimed that the pope should have authority over the king. |
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| the buying or selling of offices or sacraments. Rampant in the church after the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire. Led to the role of a few important bishops in the tenth and eleventh centuries trying to reform such things, but still made little progress. |
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| 1208-1229, this was against the Cathac heritics who did not believe in Jesus, had no mass, resided in southern france. It was basically a crusade against southern Frenchmen which went against Pope Urban II intial idea of never killing non-chrisitan men. Significant in that face that it represents that not all the crusades were in the middle East, some were actually fought in Europe. Similar to a war of North France vs South France and this was supported by the king of France who established control over this region and south france is destroyed. |
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| ecclesiatical office is inherited. A sin in the church, leading to its corrupt nature from 1050-1150 and important in acknowledging the need for reform. Inheritence is used for the purpose of ensuring political power |
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| land given to a vassal from his lord in exchange for specified terms of services. Comes out of feudalism which leads to primitive social and political stuctures which are important in causing peace and economic progress |
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| Designed the most common Western form of monasticism. Roman Patriarch who in 520 founded a rule for his followers, the Benedictine Rule, flexible rule in order to give structure to indiviual communities of monks. Core values were poverty, chastity and obedience. Monasteries were able to give a form of security in the turbulent times around the year 1000. |
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| Center of reform, founded in 910 and was place directly under the pope, no bishops. Differs from other monasteries because it created a network of daughter houses, 1300 in France alone. It is a model for monasterys because it is centralized and governed by a strict Abbey. Say the liturgy, governed by a stick code and focuses mainly on the divine, the other world |
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| 843, the HRE is divided, but Otto III tries to revive it but fails. |
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| 955 Otto of Saxony defeats the Hugarians, 1005 one of otto’s daughter’s marries their leader and converts him to Christianity which is important in assimilating to gain peace and authority, leading Europe out of the invasion period they were in |
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| a series of alliances amonst armed men. Small nobels and their bonds with warriors prove to be better able to defend Europe than large empires at this time. Encourage security which leads to agricultural innovation. No one belongs to anyone. It is a contract between 2 free men. One is more powerful because he can offer protection to a smaller land owner. |
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| In 528 Benedict of Nursia created a rule that encourages self-sufficienct, harmony, diminishes conflict by having one line of authority and become small islands of learning and culture. As a band of Christians, they are able to survive in hostile territories and chaos. Allows the creation of small communities with strict rules that become centers for culture and religion. Became institutionalized around the year 1000 |
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| a person who farms what is almost his own land for whom a family is a principal unit of production. He is free. Before 1000 most were slaves, but as large empires and states began to decline after the fall of the Carolingian era, there is more autonomy and peasants are born. They are contracted (with an abbey in many cases) to receive protection while they give up their fight against eminent domain (authority can take it whenever they want) and they must provide labor service. High material standard of living in the 12th century |
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| the agreement between the Lord and peasant which gives security for peasants and they can innovate because they only feel as though they can innovate when they think they can reap the benefits. Technological progress and greater productivity are now possible. Peasants become better dresses and housed. ECONOMIC SIDE of feudalism. |
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| important noble family in the 12th century france. Puts family on the political map by building 13 castles, participating in battles, building abbeys and most importantly (the mark of nobles gaining power) making strategic marriages. |
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| “The best knight who ever lives” (1174-1218) Suffers from conflicting loyalites, poor and must make his own way. Represents honor and bravery ends up being very wealthy having lots of land through a marriage granted to him by Henry 2 because of his loyalty (kinda) and his a very successful knight. |
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| an knight pays homage to lord when getting dubbed where he places his hands between the hands of his lord. The lord in return promises to protect and avenge his vassal. Important representation of the loyalty that is key in all knightly relationships. |
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| ruled Norman England from 1066-1087. He was the epitome of the ambitious, energetic, and resourceful prince of the central middle ages. At the Battle of Hastings on October 14 and William gained his claim to be king of England in what was known as the Norman Conquest. Local and central government remained similar to what it had been. gave land to his followers once he took over leading to a scatterment of noble land in England throughout the whole kingdom. Insisted that all English land be considered fiefs, imposing a feudal hierarchy with the king as the recognized owner of all land and his vassals as recipients of fiefs from the king. Made a new power structure essentially |
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| In 1086, William the Conqueror conducted a survey of the lands of England, the taxes, tolls, markets, mints and services owed the king were all recorded. Significant in that it asserted William’s control over all his kingdom and how the land was all his. |
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| aka the King’s Council-set up by William the Conqueror to maintain close contact with his barons and vassal. Fulfilled the feudal functions of giving the king advice and serving as his principal court in reaching judgements. The ancestor of Parliament, important in giving voice to nobles and others in kingdom in a matter of affairs |
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| established in 1208 which was a challenge to the church/monastery. Founded by Francis of Assisi who established the first order of friars and have no monastery, live out among the people in total poverty. They preach to city people and engage in this world. |
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| ive in povery and support themselves by begging. Established the medicant order which is the proper order of begging, known as friars and greatly stressed education, all pastors were well-educated. They were known as preachers, teachers, and theologians established in 1216 in response for need of new kinds of religions. Crucial in helping the Cather heresy where they would start missions to help convert them |
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