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| social system that ranks certain people as more important and more dominant than other; the earliest evidence of social differentiation comes from the Paleolithic period. |
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| a way of life that includes political states based on cities with dense populations, large buildings constructed for communal activities, diverse economies, a sense of local idientity, and some knowledge of writing |
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| a political unit controlling formerly independent territories subjected to a single ruler |
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| "polis" - an urban center exercising political and economic control over the nearby countryside |
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| domination of men in political, social, and economic life |
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| preists and kings in charge of regulating economy by controlling the exchange of food and goods between farmers and craft producers |
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| a system of wedge-shaped marks pressed into clay tablets to represent the sounds of syllables and entire words |
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| beleif in one god (judaism, christianity, islam) |
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| "uncovering" of the future. a religious belief about the end of the world |
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| naval alliance headed by athens after persian wars, and the basis of athenian empire |
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| the ancient athenian system of democracy, established in the 460s and 450s bc, that extended direct political power and participation in the court system to the mass of adult male citizens |
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| athenian democracy's annual procedure to block tyranny by sending a citizen into exile for ten years by a vote of six thousand citizens in the assembly |
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| the central market square of a Greek city-state; a popular place to gather for conversation |
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| competitive intellectuals and teachers who offered a new form of education and new philosophical and religious ideas beginning about 450 bc |
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| set of prayers, hymns, ritual purification, sacrifice, and other forms of worship undertaken to gain divine protection; each group focused on divine knowledge of the human and heavenly world |
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| male dinner party without women, often talked about philosophy while drinking |
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| immigrants who were granted permanent residency in athens in exchange for paying taxes and serving in the military |
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| the belief that there is no absolute reality behind and independent of appearances |
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| socrates encouraged others to reach conclusions on their own by answering their questions with his own questions |
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| greek term for excessivea arrogance, especially when an overconfident human being goes against the will of the gods |
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| period of Greek and Near Eastern history from alexander's death in 323 bc to the death of cleopatra VII, the last macedonian queen of egypt, in 30 bc. mix of greek and near eastern traditions, emerged after alexander's conquest of the persion empire |
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| ideas about the ultimate nature of reality beyond the reach of human senses |
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| the concept that spiritual being and physical being are separate |
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| the philosophical doctrine that only things made of matter truly exist and thus deny the existence of the soul or any nonmaterial phenomena |
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| the most influential Hellenistic philosophical and religious ideas beginning about 450 bc |
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| in search of protection, the people who prayed for salvation from a king regarded as a god |
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| "shared" or "common" - the "common" form of the greek language that became the international language in the hellenistic period |
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| "the way of the ancestors" - roman values/virtues |
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| the interlocking network of mutual obligations between Roman patrons(social superiors) and clients(social inferiors) |
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| "father's power" the legal right of a father in ancien Rome to won the property of his children and slaves and to control their lives |
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| system of government based on shared political decision making and the election of male officials by assemblies organized by social hierarchy; the republic lasted from 509-287 bc |
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| turmoil between elite roman families(patricians) and the rest of rome's population(plebeians) that centered on social and economic issues |
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| men too poor to afford military weapons/be in the military |
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| laws passed by the plebeian assembly in the roman republic |
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| the series of roman elective government offices from quaestor to consul |
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| cicero's ideal of "humanness," meaning generous and honest treatment of others based on natural law |
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| the coalition formed in 60 bc by gnaeus pompey, licinius crassus, and julius caesar (triumvirate means "a group of three") |
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| "roman peace" - the period of "roman peace" under the principate in the first and second centuries c.e |
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| the political system invented by augustus as a disguised monarchy with the "princeps" (first man) as emperor |
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| the title meaning "divinely favored" that rome's senate granted octavian and that became shorthand for "roman imperial ruler" |
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| the group of soldiers stationed in rome under the emperor's control; first formed by augustus |
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| "moral authority" - the authority derived from respect on which the roman princep's power rested |
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| rome's giant amphitheater for gladiatorial shows and other spectacles |
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| the spread of roman law and culture in the provinces of the roman empire |
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| "witness" in greek - someone who dies for his or her religious belief |
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| the principle by which Christian bishops traced their authority back to Jesus' apostles |
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| the spiritual philosophy developed by plotinus(c. 205-270) that was based on plato's ideas, and was very influential for Christian intellecuals |
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| putting less silver in each coin without changing its face value and therefore creating more cash with the same amount of precious metal |
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| roman rule from diocletian(r. 284-305) onward; a blatantly authoritarian style of rule; derived from dominus(master;lord) and contrasted with principate |
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| historians' name for the eastern roman empire from about 500 to 1453, derived from byzantium, the original name of constantinople |
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| the social elite in the roman empire's towns who were responsible for collecting taxes for the imperial government and paying for any shortfalls themselves |
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| the violent program initiated by diocletian in 303 to make christians convert to traditional religion or risk confiscation of their property and even death |
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| constantine and licinius's proclamation of religious toleration that also expressed their favoring of christianity |
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| "renegade from the faith" - the emperor julian(r. 361-363), who rejected christianity and tried to restore traditional religion as the state religion, was given the nickname "the apostate" |
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| the practice of self-denial of pleasure(askesis in greek meaning training), as in the lives of monks; a doctrine for christians emphasized by augustine |
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| under frankish law, money or goods a murderer had to pay as compenstion for his crime; most went to the victim's kin, but the king received about one-third. |
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| the community of believers in islam |
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| the successors of muhammad who traced their ancestry to umayyah, a member of muhammad's tribe. the dynasty lasted from 661-750 |
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| the dynasty that ruled as kings of the franks from about 486-751 |
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| england after the invasions of the angles and saxons(began in 440s) and before the norman conquest in 1066 |
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