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| literally, "loving knowledge/wisdom"; an investigation of the truths & principles of knowledge, conduct & being. "An unusually stubborn attempt to think clearly about the basic issues of life" |
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| the nature of ultimate reality |
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| "The unexplained life is not worth living."; Socratic method: dialectic; struggle for truth through dialogue; "Socrates is the atheist who believes in God." Apology, Crito & Phaedo [the hemlock] |
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| "Everything in philosophy since Plato is merely a footnote to Plato." Alfred North Whitehead. Taught "eternal ideas;" Forms, Universals, the Logos; the Allegory of the Cave [shadows=matter,nature];a "World Soul" [universal force] or Demiurge [intermediary creator]; the Doctrine of Reminiscence; philosopher kings |
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| Agreed with Plato, no particulars without forms, but Universals, Forms, etc. not the only reality; study of particulars [science] is a dialectic opportunity to know Forms, Universals; shadows have significance. |
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| Aristotle's Thinking Tools. The Three Laws; Identity A=A; Contradiction A cannot be A and Not A; Excluded Middle: Everything is either A or Not A. |
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verbal device that so organizes two propositions that a third, a conclusion, follows necessarily
Premise: statement or proposition which supports a conclusion: Major & Minor Premises
Proposition: a statement which is either true or false
Conclusion: logical of premises & propositions |
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[from logos]: the science of correct/valid reasoning; conclusions from facts, ideas, evidence
Reason [rationality]: to think correctly; sound judgement. Ingredients: True Evidence/Data; a valid relationship/connection b/t evidence/premise & conclusion. An improper relationship: a fallacy; fallacious reasoning; The Greeks [esp. Aristotle] were first to formally investigate & establish standards of valid reasoning |
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Deliberately shifted from valid arguments to subtle, "tricky" & insincere arguments; "sophistry."
The early Renaissance [ Aristotelian Revival] gave Latin names to types of fallacious reasoning. ad hominem. |
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| Language Analysis; Is language an innate gift of the Creator for his special creation? Is the proposition or statement true or falso; fact or opinion: need to seek verification. Grammatical Construction, SYNTAX; if properly used, allows propsitions to be presented logically |
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words or inferred/implied words indicate the direction of the argument [reasons for and against a proposition; verbalized process of reasoning; not "quarrel."]
Indicate a reason: for, since, because, etc
Indicate a conclusion: so, therefore, thus, etc
Inference: unsaid, the logical conclusion of a rational mind
Evaluating an Argument: Are the facts, evidence true; verifiable? Is the reasoning process sound [valid]? |
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| Starts with a major premise, "truth'; if a valid connection the conclusion follows necessarily |
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Starts with gathering evidence; if convincing & logical connection it is probably true [Most evidence is not absolute, but may be probably enough to be accepted as "fact"]; Most knowledge is "probable"
Francis Bacon [1600]: We over-rely on deductive; need more inductive [scientific research]."count the teeth" |
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Words often have a number of sense & meaning a number of words sound alike. Words are controlled by conventional usage [its technical meaning] and through its context [verbal enviroment]; occurs when there is doubt within the context; the meaning is ambiguous; sometimes intended for humorous effect, a pun, or to deliberately mislead, equivocation; may be caused by grammar; word arrangement [syntax] or by word meaning[semantics]
3 problems: unintended humor; question regarding the meaning; mistaken meaning |
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| when the meaning of a word or words is deliberately, often subtly, changed in the course of an argument or discussion-with a deceptive purpose |
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A statement is not clear; this can be caused by indefiniteness, undefined degree, or obscurity
obscurity can be caused by euphemism, using a term that lessens negative impact; mumbling or gobbledegook |
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