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| alliance system formed between German, Austria, and Italy formed before WWI |
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| alliance formed between Britain, France, and Russia in 1907 |
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"The spark that ignited the war."
arabs blamed serbia for his death |
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| Terrorist organization of Serbians ho thought Bosnia and Serbia should be united |
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| Germany's plan of attack which consisted of attacking France first and then proceeding to attack Russia. However, the plan was spoiled by the Germans meeting slight resistance in Belgium, resulting in a stalemate |
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| Campaigne in 1916 which resulted in 420,000 total casualties; as a result, Britain gained 2-3 miles of land |
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| an offensive strategy by Winston Churchill in order to attack the Ottoman Empire through the south, creating a third front of fighting in the war. As a result, there was no third front and Russia stood alone (also there was the Armenian massacre). |
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| employed hit and run guerrilla tactics in the English fight against the Ottoman |
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| British would support his kingdom once the Ottoman empire was overtaken (he wanted to avoid a holy war). |
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| British born author of books on political philosophy, natural science; wrote “The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century”; leader of pan-Germanic movement; prime mister of Great Britain at the time and wrote in defense of appeasement in hopes to satisfy Hitler from dragging Europe into another war. |
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| emotional leader of Britain; orchestrated the attack on Gallipoli in WWI and was the prime minister of Britain during WWII |
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| Impressive military leader in WWI who took power by election in Germany as a member of the Nazi Party. |
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| Famous battle on June 6, 1944 in which paratroopers landed on Omaha Beach as a part of allied preparations. |
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| Site of the D-Day Paratrooper landings |
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| As a result of this, the Soviet Union was given control of Eastern Europe. |
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| Sunni muslim King in Baghdad. |
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| agreement between France, Britain, and Russia, defining their spheres of influence in west Asia after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. |
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| Austro-Hungarian journalist who is the father of modern political Zionism. |
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| nternational Jewish political movement that supports the inhabitance of Jews in the land of Israel (reestablishment of a homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine). |
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| stablished in 1917, a declaration from the British government stating that Britain supported the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. |
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| one of the peace treaties of WWI which ended the state of war between Germany and the Allies; forced Germany to accept responsibility for the war and began disarming Germany and forcing the country to pay war reparations. |
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| Resulted in Alsace-Lorraine being given back to France; the Rhineland was demilitarized; Germany’s overseas possessions were divided among Britain, France, and the U.S. Austro-Hungarian Empire was broken up and Ottoman Empire was broken. |
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| a Russian revolutionary who was the first head of the U.S.S.R.; contributed to Marxist theory. |
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| served as People’s Commissar for foreign affairs alongside Lenin and was the commander of the Red Army. |
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| set in 1935, laws that deprived Jews of citizenship and kept Jews from marrying non-Jews. |
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November 9th 1938. A coordinated anti-Jewish attack in Nazi German. 91 Jews Murdered, 25,000 to 30,000 were arrested and placed in concentration camps. synagogues and homes and businesses were ransacked. |
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| occurrence after the of the war |
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| support free people, their own destiny, financial aid, helping free and independent states keep their freedom; a set of principles of U.S. foreign policy in which the U.S. would send aid to Greece and Turkey to prevent them from falling under Communist control |
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| Cold war event in response to France, Britain, and U.S. joining to control a single economic union; West Germany was formed independently from East Germany and Stalin wanted to close down Berlin. moved 8,000 tons of material a day for 324 days, resulting in the development of military on both sides of Germany. |
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| send billions in aid to Europe to rebuild economies and encourage democratic capitalism; Soviets interpreted this as an aggressive policy and did not accept the aid. |
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| military strategy which under full use of military nuclear weapons would result in the destruction of both the attacker and defender. |
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| Mutually Assured Destruction |
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| he “man of steel” who was elected shrewdly in 1924; he carried out a series of purges in which he eliminated his opponents and thousands were executed. |
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| leader was Vladimir Lenin; seized power in 1917 and formed the U.S.S.R.; established a secret police and executed the royal family; political philosophy based on democratic centralism; seized power during the October Revolution. |
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| proposed by Lenin to prevent Russian economy from collapsing; small businesses reopened for private profit while government controlled banks, foreign trade, and large industries; required farmers to give the government a specified quota of product. |
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| Control of the way people think; total control and unity, abolishing opposition, overriding the importance of the leader or party, claiming a higher and exclusive truth. |
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| emphasis on emotion and action; importance of the group; seemed to promote traditional values (patriotism, family, religion, loyalty, obedience); attractive to middle class. |
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| leader of the Fascist movement in Italy. |
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| delivered the “Secret Speech” to the Russian parliament; he crushed the Hungarian revolt and created confrontation/coexistence policies; was overthrown by Brezhnev. |
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| a French term which is applied to an international situation where previously hostile nations not involved in an open war de-escalate tensions through diplomacy. |
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| became Russian premier in 1985 and created reform called “Perestroika” which was meant to save communism; political prisoners were released, free expression and free assembly was allowed, and other political parties formed. |
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| leader in the difficult transitionary period in Russia to capitalism; as a result prices skyrocketed and the economy declined dramatically. |
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| former leader of the KGB who initialized a strong central state and imposed restrictions on freedom of the press in Russia. |
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| a pact in Europe where free trade was established; less dependence on America and the U.S.S.R. (establishment of a common currency and common goals and economy (trade) in eastern Europe). |
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| reform established by Gorbachev, attempting to restructure the Soviet economy; one reason for fall of communist political forces in the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. |
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| Emphasized the study of Greek and Roman texts. These influenced the improvement of human life; started in Italy in the late 14th century, part of the bigger picture in the Italian Renaissance. |
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| political philosopher who denied that king’s powers were derived from God. He said that the ends justify the means, and that it was better to be both feared and loved. He wrote “The Prince.” He lived in the late 15th-early 16th century. His writings were important because they had no place for Christian morality in them. |
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| Enlightenment thinker; lived in the 18th century and was a playwright, was exiled when he mocked the Duke of Orleans. He admired England’s progressiveness, and he wrote of the greatness of the constitutional monarchy; very critical of the French system. |
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| he was in a position of power within the Committee for Public Safety, which was running France after the revolution. He was associated with the Jacobins, and instigated the Reign of Terror. They initiated a draft and defeated invading armies. He helped instate mandatory education, fixed cost of bread, and complete reform of society. The king, nobility, and other opponents to the revolution were executed. |
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| signed by Henry of Bourbon, who was a Protestant, but became Catholic when he took power. It called for religious tolerance within France, which was revoked by Louis XVI. |
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| supporter of British expansion who went to southern Africa and gained political and financial prominence using diamonds in South Africa; wrote “A Confession of Faith” and funded the Rhodes Scholarships at Oxford. |
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viewed humanity as people who are inherently good and stressed the human heart and the goodness of nature; introduced the political view of direct democracy (power of the people as a whole); was the most popular of the philosophes during the
French revolution among members of the Jacobin club. |
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an establishment which tried to prevent a repeat of the French
Revolution; consisted of Spain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria, but lost the support of liberal regimes in France and Britain. |
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| German architect who envisioned German union; introduced Realpolitik (a philosophy that government should operate under practical considerations and realistic aims). |
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| explain the four measures of Lenin’s “War Communism” and the effects they had on society. |
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1) Seizure of land by the peasants (however, many were illiterate and uneducated)
2) Seizure of factories by workers (workers did not know how to operate machinery)
3) Immediate peace with Germany (1/3 of industrial output was taken by Germany, Russia lost Poland and other land holdings)
4) Exportation of Communism: The Red Terror (affected Russia’s former allies) |
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| Why did Europeans respond with such enthusiasm at the outbreak of WWI? |
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People were excited and were crowding the streets, looking forward to fighting and enlisting in the Army. The reasons include:
1) Settle rivalries between countries (industrial, colonial possessions, arms race to see “who was the best”)
2) Nationalism (pride) and self-importance
3) People had no idea what they were getting into (excitement, preconceived glorious ideas of war including noble charges and cavalries and knights)
4) Previous fighting was done in non-industrial colonies (quick, easy battles) |
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