Term
| Know the technologies that contributed to the Age of Exploration, the reasons Spain and Portugal took an early lead in exploration, and the motivations that led European to explore |
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Definition
Technologies: Caravel (more mobile and enduring and agile), guns below deck, expert map-makers
Motivation: limited supply of land, didn’t want to trade through intermediaries (wanted to break monopoly by cutting out the middle man). Centralized monarchical states sought to extend their control overseas and thus attain more gold, silver and commerce. Religious identities and the desire to spread one's religion caused exploration.
Early Lead: the leaders (Diaz, Gama) funding and goals for the country's exploration. For example, Prince Henry the naviagator was interested in naviagional trade – he established a sailing school and raised money to fund expeditions. Spain also had leaders who wanted money through this avenue and paved the way (Ferdinand and Isabella). They wanted it for religious reason (take back control from Muslims, “the reconquest”) |
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Term
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Definition
| The movementof people and goods between Europe, the Americas, and Africa. New world → Europe. Old world →new world. New world brought foods and metals, while the old world brought basic foods and livestock and disease (dropped native American population) |
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Term
| Understand the development of the black slave trade and the Atlantic triangle. |
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Definition
Indians worked plantations at first. They died because of disease. So they turned to W. Africa. Conditions of these slaves were horrific (treated like animals)
Atlantic circle → slaves shipped from Africa to America. Goods from America to Europe. And Europe sold manufactured goods back to their continent and the Americas. |
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Term
| what did the writings of john locke advocate? |
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Definition
| John Locke wrote that the foundation of government power is that everyone gives up their wills and right to the government. He claims that the purpose of government is to preserve the good of the people and protect their natural rights. He justifies rebellion if the government fails to preserves the individuals right to life liberty and property. And he claimed that overall human nature is good, and that rule should be by the people, and that they have the right to overthrow governments. |
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Term
| what did diderot write/believe? |
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Definition
| Diderot wrote the Encyclopedia where his aim was to collect all the knowledge scattered on the face of the earth to present its general outlines and structure to the men whom we live. Some of the subjects discussed was the good of the people being the purpose of government, on the usefulness of history, in the value of humanity, in the peace away from war, political authority in prince owing its subjects his limited authority over them, and the press in newspapers magazines, books and so forth. |
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Term
| what did voltaire advocate/believe? |
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Definition
| Voltaire attacked superstition, religious fanaticism, and persecution, censorship and other abuses of eighteenth-century France. He rejected revelation and the church heierarchy. He claimed that Christian ought to be the most tolerant people. And that nobody has and will ever be able to understand the dogma of the trinity. He also wrote the candie where he satirized clergy and aristocracy. |
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Term
| describe salons and how the Enlightenment became a part of daily life |
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Definition
| Parisian salons were places where people gathered and read various works and talked about them. Not only did this allow different Enlightenment ideas to be criticized or embraced, it allowed many people from various walks of life communicate with each other. This allowed social equality among all classes inside the salons |
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Term
| What are the immediate and long term causes of the French Revolution |
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Definition
Immediate: debt
Long term: Political and social inequalities. nobility’s special priviledges. Third estate got screwed. |
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Term
| The Committee for Public Safety goals, achievements, problems. |
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Definition
Goals: centralized denunciations, trials, and executions. Caused "Reign of Terror."
Achievements: Eliminated the titles, replaced with “citizen”. Compulsory education. Public welfare. New metric system. New calendar. Confiscated church property, gave it to poor. Stripped nobility of power. Ridded the old regime.
Problems: reign of terror, no trials, 40,000 french citizens died. |
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Term
| why did the Renaissance begin in Italy |
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Definition
| humanism. high literacy rate. Classical (past) work (structures, aqueducts, cathedrals, roads, art). Ethnic pride of ancient roman history. Escapism (war, bubonic plague, political instability). Wealth of Italian families (wanted to outdo each other). Center of trade in Europe. |
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Term
| Know about the English Civil War, the rule of Oliver Cromwell, and the Restoration |
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Definition
| Cavaliers (Charles I) and Roundheads (Oliver Cromwell). Cavaliers couldn’t do much b/c charles had no parliament/money. Challenged social/political traditions. Cromwell → new power → Lord Protector → created 11 districts w/ strict (towards Anglicans) Code → didn’t like him, asked Charles II to lead. |
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Term
| discuss the Reformation in France and Britain and the Catholic Church’s response – the Wars of Religion and their effects |
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Definition
| Middle class could read and were turning to protestants. Huguenots made derogatory actions towards pope/Catholicism. When catholics fired back (St. Bartholomew’s day massacre), Huguenots ran to Geneva (Calvin). 3 divisons in French wereL Huguenots (Bourbons), Catholic (Guise), Royal House (Valois). Eventually, led to council of trent. |
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