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| human beings by reaching their full potential in this world; individuals can obtain happiness. Belief in potential for humans to achieve good. |
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| the father of humanism; emphasis on devote to Christianity in similar to Erasmus. Criticizes contemporaries for their ignorance of ancient writers and his commitment to classical learning. He was a clerk in govt, but his appreciation for the beauty of Latin caused him to be an advocate and poet in Latin and Italian emphasizing the Classics and embracing the rhetorics of the past. |
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| agreed with original sin but knew that it's more of a flaw then a dominant negative control on humans. Humans still have good that needs to be fostered and developed. Allowed for a positive emphasis on humanity during classics. Emphasized enjoying life on earth being a good end in itself |
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| author of “The Prince;” emphasis on examining reality. Claimed that it is better to be feared than loved. Did not believe in divine kingship and rejected that kings should adhere to Christian moral teachings |
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| studied law in a university but had a passion for theology; as he nearly was struck by lightning he saw it as a sign that he should dedicate to study the bible as a Benedictine monk. He struggled with if he had salvation. As he discovered that a person's salvation is based on Faith alone |
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| paying of money in order to shorten one's time in pergatory or in place of one's repentance |
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| sold indulgences, which were alternatives to doing penance. As a result Luther wrote the Ninety-five these, 1517, nailed it to the Wittenberg church. |
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| Luther played off the poor and preached against serfdom. This led to people questioning their kings and lords and peasants revolts. Around 300,000 peasants carried out revolts. German princes army put the revolts down brutally. |
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| emphasized the concept of predestination. Moved to geneva establishing a theocracy where he ruled as a religious leader. Calvinist worship was characterized as stripping away images (to worship God, not the images), very plain, and not ordained. |
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| French protestants who were led by the Bourbon aristocratic family |
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| St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre |
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| Catholics kill protestants in their homes because of the large hatred of bloodshed and tension between the catholics and protestants |
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| Henry IV of the bourbon family compromised to convert to catholicism if allows religious tolerance in France; religious freedom |
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| End of the Thirty Years War; each king chooses the religion to be practiced in his country. |
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| cardinal during the time of Louis XIII who most of the power was lied in Richelieue as the head advisor; tried to limit nobility via taxation and unrest. angered the nobility |
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| centralized government produced by Cardinal Mazarin(Louis XIV's advisor); nobles rebelled and protested against this central government. |
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| came to power at the age of 4; his advisor was cardinal mazarin; considered the “sun-king”; King forced to flee as he was traumatized by nobles' march on the palace for the king's attempt to build a government of complete control over the state. |
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1. French Revolution causes massive debt which means higher taxes.
2. Peasants burdened with excessive tax payments to support the 1st and 2nd estates (wealthy ppl who weren't being taxed)
3. NEW REFORMS
A. Church loses land
B. Money from land used to support local people and peasants. |
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| English king took over from 1603-25. He was Scottish born and was very informal. James I couldn’t build up a strong army b/c he didn’t have the money and as a result kept out of the 30 years war. Was a royal absolutism with divine right |
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| absolute king who “forced loans” made conflict with parliament based on taxes and religion. In 1629, he dissolved the parliament for 11 years. Like James I, he didn’t like having to ask parliament for money and such and also liked to throw parties like his dad. He asked them to raise taxes they said no. He disbanded them in 1629. Placed taxes on imports to get the money. He also increased religious tension in England by trying to force Anglican beliefs on people, which led to Bishop’s revolt. Thought he was privately Catholic b/c he had a catholic wife and catholic people in his court were promoted. These things led to the English Civil War. |
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| Two sides: Cavaliers and the Roundheads. Cavaliers sided with Charles and made up of the traditional nobility that supported the King. The Roundheads were mainly made up of members of parliament/protestants or people who suffered persecution under Charles I. Roundhead army=New Model Army who’s general was OLIVER CROMWELL. Cavaliers couldn’t create much of an army b/c Charles had no parliament and he was defeated and faced charges of treason. In doing so they challenged the entire social/political traditions of England. He was found guilty and executed. This marked a major turning point in England. |
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| of the Rump party been appointed by parliament to be king for a short time after leading the Roundheads to victory during the English Civil War; emerged as new power. He was titled “Lord Protector” and was answerable to parliament. He divided the country into 11 districts and placed 1 general over each district who took up taxes and enforced a moral code. This code included laws against drunkenness, play houses, swearing, gambling, the celebration of Christmas. He was very hard on Anglicans and catholic’s b/c he was puritan. |
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| Catholic sympathetic who was asked to take the throne because they didn't like Cromwell's rule anymore. |
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| Ruled during the Restoration and spent money to try and push back the parliament and its restrictions |
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| resulted in William of Orange and Mary crowned king and queen where they surrendered more power to the parliament and England remaining Anglican |
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| the Navigator of Portugal sponsored voyages of exploration and the nautical studies needed to undertake them; caused Portuguese to develop an imperial economy among the ports of W. Africa, Atlantic islands, and W. Europe based on sugar, black slaves and gold; initial interest in crusading morocco, acquired navigation interests and established a school, raising money and funding expeditions |
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| Portuguese explorer reached the southern tip of the African continent |
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| continued Portuguese exploration by sailing around the Cape of Good Hope and across the Indian Ocean to India. This all-water route to the Orient, Portugal broke the commercial monopoly on Eastern goods that Genoa and Venice had |
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| funded by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. Attempted to cross the atlana to go to India by sailing west instead as a short cut. Actually ended up in Dominican Republic as he made a calculation error |
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| divided the islands found by portuguese and spanish. Lands to the East portuguese and lands to the west spain |
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| conquered the Aztecs in 1519 in central America |
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| conquered the incans in 1530 |
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| rejected the medieval division of the universe into higher and lower realms. Discovered that a celestial body could move around a center other than the earth; a celestial body could orbit a planet at the same time that the planet revolved around another body; argued that the Bible has no authority on scientific disputes; reliance on authority was a hindrance to scientific investigation should be through observation, experiement and reason. |
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| completed the destruction of the medieval law of universe; same forces that hold celestial bodies in their orbits round the sum make apples fall to the ground. The Universe was like a giant clock whose parts obey strict mechanical principles and work together and in perfect precision. Mystery banished from the universe |
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| Motivated by religious conviction that God created the universe to an intelligible plan that accessible through reason |
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a German mathematician and astronomer, combined the Pythagorean-Platonic quest to comprehend the mathematical harmony within nature with a deep commitment to Lutheran Christianity
Discovered the three basic laws of planetary motion |
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propagandist who hurled pointed barbs at all the abuses of the French society. pleaded for tolerance and reason.
Disdained arbitrary power, since it based on huan whim rather than on established law
For Voltaire, freedom consisted in being governed by an established and standard code of law.
Belief in tolerance and that christians should be the most tolerant of other religions, said that the dogma of trinity is not able to be understood by anyone, and that fanaticism and persecution by christians is wrong, and discussed superstition and the witch trials; was a playwriter who had a philosophical approach to social and religious issues in a satyrical style; |
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| born to a German family and married Peter III, an incompetent ruler who cheated on catherine(smart and intellectual); she worked with powerful internal leaders to take over the state of russia. Catherine probably kills Peter and she comes to power. She is a strong Enlightened intellectual who expands Russia considerably into poland and other places. She had correspondance with Diderot and Voltaire sit in her courts. Divided Russia into districts and introduced consultive Parliament where she had advisors but she still maintained her own power |
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| responsible for encyclopedia |
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| Laissez-Faire Economics Smith argued that the real basis of a country's wealth measured by quantity and quality of goods and services. People should be able to purse their own interests to better their conditions- will foster economic expansion which benefits whole society. Laissez faire- governemnt should not interfere with the market, but build up its reserves of precious metals, the state should promote domestic industries, encourage exports, and discourage imports. |
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July 14, 1789 tension in Paris was high, 800-900 Parisians gathered in front of Bastille to gain gunpowder and to remove the cannon, tension gathered and they captured Bastille.
started the period of The Great Fear. The urban workers were scared Louis would step in so they marched on Bastille, and freed 8 or 9 political prisoners. |
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| The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Written |
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written by the National Assembly before the constitution was. Spelled out what the French people believed their rights to be
composed of third estate representatives who broke away from the Estates General and the Old Regime of 1789 declaring the equal rights of all and that the third estate should be given more representation because they hold up the society. |
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during the controversy over if there should be a National Assembly where each person has one vote (3rd Estate wanted) but the leaders locked the building where the meeting was to take place, so the people went to the tennis courts across the street and all the Estates swore to not dissolve their assembly until a new and fair constitution was drawn up, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette did nothing
It took 2 years to make the new constitution. In the meantime, they rested on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
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| Inactive to the Revolution at first. Was forced to sign the Declaration of the Rights of Man after trying to flee France in order to get an army and was caught and put under house arrest. Was eventually beheaded. |
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led the Jacobins, the group with more radical reforms in the National Convention. Executed a lot of people who did not agree with their ideas. Wanted to redistribute the lands. Pretty much caused the reign of terror and was sentenced to be executed. Attempted suicide but the bullet only broke his jaw not kill him.
leader of the committee for Public Safety. responded to the threats of the government by stripping nobility of special privileges, expanded voting, and ridding of the old regime.
saw it was his job to keep the revolutions down. Used terror as necessary to maintain stability. Guillotine without trials. |
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Radical family trying to help fix the revolution's crisis. This aristocratic family led control of the Committee for Public Safety. Used terror and violence to hold down revolts. Jacobins represented more of the peasants urban workers and called for more radical measures such as redistribution of lands. Maximillan Robespierre led the Jacobins.
represented more of the peasants and urban workers and wanted more radical reforms such as redistribution of the lands. |
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| Committee for Public Safety |
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set up many reforms including: Compulsory education, all boys and girls had to go to school. Set up welfare for the poor Abolished unions. Declared there were no royal titles and you addressed everyone as “citizen.” Also introduced metric system and the Church of Reason.
Welfare for the poor, Abolished unions, Only title was “citizen,” no royal titles, A new calendar—year one was the year of the French Revolution, deemphasizes Christ’s death and religion |
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| period in which people had no right to a trial. People were being executed constantly including Royalty and Clergy. During this period 250,000 people were arrested and 12,000 were guillotined. |
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| everyone feared for their lives as so many political people were being executed (by Robespierre). They were tired of killing and tried to convict Robespierre. Led to a new constitution. |
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rule of 5 individuals. Problems of curruption. An agressive military policy. Continued agression, took the Netherlands in 1795 and conquered Italy as well.
People grew weary of the French Revolution and looked for an alternative; stage of french revolution where 5 directors held executive power. Expanded by Napoleon |
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| Husband of Catherine; he was an incompetent and immature ruler who cheated on catherine. Probably gets killed by Catherine |
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England gains control of the seas after Napoleon allows England ships pass through the French "T"
ended any chance France had of invading Britain and, from 1805 onwards, Bonaparte largely kept his military operations to terra firma. |
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