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| son of henry VIII and jane seymor. |
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| henry VIII's daughter her persecuted protestants |
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| scottish clergyman and a protestant who went into exile when mary I came to power. |
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| queen of scotland at 6 days old, deposed from throne later in life, married king of france but he died right away. |
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| daughter of henry VIII and anne bolyn, queen of england. |
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| king of france, son of catherine de medici. called elizabeth I of england a whore. |
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| started the catholic league to block protestants from gaining the throne. war of three henrys |
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| King of France, first monarch of the bourbon branch, a hugenot. |
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| decree by Henry IV of france to give calvanists rights in france which was basically a catholic nation. |
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| King of spain and the leader of the armada. started the holy league to battle the turks. king consort to mary I of england |
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| A spanish fleet that sailed against the english navy. Philip II disagreed with his ex wife's succesors decisions. |
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The Catholic Reformation was a comprehensive effort, composed of five major elements:
1. Doctrine
2. Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration
3. Religious orders
4. Spiritual movements
5. Political dimensions |
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| embodied the ideas of the counter reformation, council of the roman catholic church. |
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| # Absolute monarchy, a form of government where the monarch has the power to rule their land freely, with no laws or legally-organized direct opposition in force |
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| absolute monarch of france with help of cardinal richeleiu. kept nobility in line, interceded in 30 years war, retracted rights given to hugeonots. |
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| Louis XIII's chief minister, clergyman. helped to consolodate royal power crush domestic factions. |
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| succeeded cardinal richelieu, cheif minister of france after him. helped anne of austria rule while louis XIV came of age. |
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| The Fronde (1648–1653) was a civil war in France, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635. The word fronde means sling, which Parisians mobs used to smash the windows of supporters of Cardinal Mazarin. |
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| the sun king, longest ruling european monarch. brought nobles to versaille, patron of the arts. |
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| Intendants were royal civil servants in France under the ancien régime. A product of the centralization policies of the French crown, intendants were appointed "commissions", and not purchasable hereditary "offices", which thus prevented the abuse of sales of royal offices and made them more tractable and subservient emissaries of the king. Intendants were generally chosen from among the maîtres des requêtes. Intendants were sent to supervise and enforce the king's will in the provinces and had jurisdiction over three areas: finances, policing, and justice. |
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| refers primarily to the aristocratic, social, and political system established in France under the Valois and Bourbon dynasties (14th century to 18th century). The term is French for "Former Regime," but rendered in English as "Old Rule," "Old Order," or simply "Old (or Ancient) Regime". Power in the Ancien Régime relied on three pillars: the monarchy, the clergy, and the aristocracy. Society was divided into three Estates of the realm: the First Estate, Roman Catholic clergy; the Second Estate, the nobility; and the Third Estate, the rest of the population. |
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| son of louis XIV, left france financially insecure. |
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| The vingtième was an income tax of the ancien régime in France. It was abolished during the French Revolution. |
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| The taille was a direct land tax on the French peasantry and non-nobles in Ancien Régime France. The tax was imposed on each household and based on how much land it held. |
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| married to marie antoinette, executed during the french revolution. |
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| Honorific or useful rights attached to the medieval and early modern seigneurie, known loosely throughout the ancien régime as droits féodaux, and abolished during the Revolution. Honorific seigneurial rights included the privilege of a pew in church, keeping pigeons, hunting, and fishing. |
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| The General States (or States-General) of 1789 (French: Les États-Généraux de 1789) was the first meeting since 1614 of the French General States, a general assembly consisting of the French collection of peoples. The independence from the Pope which it displayed paved the way for the French Revolution. |
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| declaration of the rights of man and citizen |
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| a fundamental document of the French Revolution, defining the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal. Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, the rights of Man are universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself. |
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| civil constitution of the clergy |
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| a law passed on July 12, 1790 during the French Revolution, that subordinated the Roman Catholic Church in France to the French government.It did, however, complete the destruction of the monastic orders, legislating out of existence "all regular and secular chapters for either sex, abbacies and priorships, both regular and in commendam, for either sex", etc.[1] |
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| a term created 1790 - 1792 by the French aristocracy to describe the poorer members of the Third Estate, according to the dominant theory because they usually wore pantaloons (full-length trousers or pants) instead of the chic knee-length culotte. The term came to refer to the ill-clad and ill-equipped volunteers of the Revolutionary army during the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars, but, above all, to the working class radicals of the Revolution.[1] From this comes the now slightly archaic term sansculottism or sans-culottism, meaning extreme egalitarian republican principles. |
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Émigré is a French term that literally refers to a person who has "migrated out," but often carries a connotation of politico-social self-exile.
The French Protestants (Huguenots), who were forced to leave France, following the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, settled in bordering countries, which they sought to use as a base for counterrevolution. |
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| In the context of the French Revolution, a Jacobin originally meant a member of the Jacobin Club (1789-1794), but even at that time, the term Jacobins had been popularly applied to all promulgators of revolutionary opinions. |
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| known as a radical journalist and politician from the French Revolution. His journalism was renowned for its fiery character and uncompromising stance towards the new government, "enemies of the revolution" and basic reforms for the poorest members of society. His constant persecution, consistent voice and uncanny prophetic powers brought him the trust of the people and made him their unofficial link to the radical Jacobin group that came to power in June 1793. |
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| military leader of france who became emperor. |
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| ) is the French civil code, established under Napoléon I in 1804. It was drafted rapidly by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on March 21, 1804. |
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| is a French order established by Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul of the First Republic, on May 19, 1802.[1] The Order is the highest decoration in France and is divided into five various degrees: Chevalier (Knight), Officier (Officer), Commandeur (Commander), Grand Officier (Grand Officer) and Grand'Croix (Grand Cross). |
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| places of exile for napoleon. |
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| In the Battle of Waterloo (Sunday 18 June 1815[5] near Waterloo, Belgium) forces of the French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte and Michel Ney were defeated by those of the Seventh Coalition, including a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blücher and an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington. It was the decisive battle of the Waterloo Campaign and Bonaparte's last. The defeat at Waterloo put an end to Napoleon's rule as the French emperor, and marked the end of Napoleon's Hundred Days of return from exile. |
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| a confrence of amabassadors. Its objective was to redraw the continent's political map and settle the many other issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. |
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| Its objective was to redraw the continent's political map and settle the many other issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. |
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| The original White Terror took place in 1794, during the turbulent times surrounding the French Revolution. It was organized by reactionary "Chouan" royalist forces in the aftermath of the Reign of Terror, and was targeted at the radical Jacobins and anyone suspected of supporting them.[1] Throughout France, both real and suspected Jacobins were attacked and often murdered.[citation needed] Just like during the Reign of Terror, trials were held with little regard for due process. In other cases, gangs of youths who had aristocratic connections roamed the streets beating known Jacobins.[citation needed] These "bands of Jesus" dragged suspected terrorists from prisons and murdered them much as alleged royalists had been murdered during the September Massacres of 1792 |
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| Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 16 September 1824[1] until the July Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated. He was the last king of the senior Bourbon line to reign over France. |
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| Louis-Philippe (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850), was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 in what was known as the July Monarchy. He was the last king to rule France, although Napoleon III, styled as an emperor, would serve as its last monarch. |
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| areas of work provided for the unemployed by the French Second Republic after the Revolution of 1848. |
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| The revolution of 1848 was the real chance for Louis Blanc’s ideas to be implemented. His theory of using the established government to enact change was different from those of other socialist theorists of his time. Blanc believed that workers could control their own livelihoods, but knew that unless they were given help to get started the cooperative workshops would never work. a french politician |
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| rotten/pocket boroughs reform bill |
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| The term "rotten" or "decayed" borough referred to a parliamentary borough or constituency in the United Kingdom which had a very small population and was used by a patron to exercise undue and unrepresentative influence within parliament. Such boroughs existed for centuries, although the term rotten borough only came into usage in the 18th century. Typically rotten boroughs were once-flourishing centres with substantial population, but which became depopulated and deserted over the centuries.In the 19th century measures began to be taken against rotten boroughs, notably the Reform Act 1832 which disenfranchised the 57 rotten boroughs listed below and spread representation across parliamentary seats in line with population centres and significant industries. |
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| The Corn Laws were import tariffs designed to support domestic British corn prices against competition from less expensive foreign imports between 1815 and 1846. |
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Chartism was a movement for political and social reform in the United Kingdom during the mid-19th century between 1838 and 1848. It takes its name from the People's Charter of 1838, which stipulated the six main aims of the movement as:
* Suffrage for all men age 21 and over
* Equal-sized electoral districts
* Voting by secret ballot
* An end to the need for a property qualification for Parliament
* Pay for Members of Parliament
* Annual election of Parliament
Chartism was possibly the first mass working class labour movement in the world. Its leaders have often been described as either "physical-" or "moral-force" leaders, depending upon their attitudes to violent protest. |
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| Utopian socialists never actually used this name to describe themselves; the term "utopian socialism" was introduced by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (in The Communist Manifesto) and used by later socialist thinkers to describe early socialist or quasi-socialist intellectuals who created hypothetical visions of perfect egalitarian and communalist societies without actually concerning themselves with the manner in which these societies could be created or sustained. |
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| Commissioned by the Communist League and written by communist theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, it laid out the League's purposes and program. However, Marx does not have a lot to say about the precise form that communism would take, focusing instead on an analytical approach to the class struggle (historical and present) and the problems of capitalism. |
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| one of the fathers of communist theory alongside Karl Marx, co-authoring The Communist Manifesto (1848). Engels also edited the second and third volumes of Das Kapital after Marx's death. |
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| term used by Friedrich Engels[1] to describe the social-political-economic theory pioneered by Karl Marx. The reason why this socialism is "scientific socialism" (as opposed to "utopian socialism") is because, like science, observation is essential in this theory. Although Marx denounced "utopian socialism", he never referred to his own ideas as "scientific socialism". |
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| Dialectical materialism is the philosophy of Karl Marx, which he formulated by taking the dialectic of Hegel and joining it to the Materialism of Feuerbach. According to many followers of Karl Marx's thinking, it is the philosophical basis of Marxism. thesis and antithesis, culminating at a critical nodal point where one overthrows the other, giving rise to the synthesis, and applying it to the history of social development and deriving therefrom an essentially revolutionary concept of social change. |
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| dictatorship of the proletariat |
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| The "dictatorship of the proletariat" or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the capitalist society and the classless, stateless and moneyless communist society. During this transition period, "the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat." |
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| Anarchism is a political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which consider the state, as compulsory government, to be unnecessary, harmful, and/or undesirable |
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| was a well-known Russian revolutionary and theorist of collectivist anarchism |
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| was a French politician, mutualist philosopher and socialist. He was a member of the French Parliament, and he was the first to call himself an anarchist. He is considered among the most influential of anarchist writers and organisers. After the events of 1848 he began to call himself a federalist. |
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| was one of Russia's foremost anarchists and one of the first advocates of anarchist communism: most of his life he advocated for a communist society free from central government. Because of his title of prince and his prominence as an anarchist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, he was known by some as "the Anarchist Prince". |
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| a branch of anarchism which focuses on the labour movement.[1] Syndicalisme is a French word, ultimately derived from the Greek, meaning "trade unionism" – hence, the "syndicalism" qualification. Syndicalism is an alternative economic system. Anarcho-syndicalists view it as a potential force for revolutionary social change, replacing capitalism and the State with a new society democratically self-managed by workers. |
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| a concept that promotes physical violence against political enemies as a way of inspiring the masses and catalyzing revolution. It is based on the principles of anarchism and appeared toward the end of the 19th century. |
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| Within the Marxist movement, the word revisionism is used to refer to various ideas, principles and theories that are based on a significant revision of fundamental Marxist premises.[1] The term is most often used by those Marxists who believe that such revisions are unwarranted and represent a "watering down" or abandonment of Marxism. |
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| a German social democratic theoretician and politician, a member of the SPD, and the founder of evolutionary socialism or reformism. |
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| Democratic socialism is a description used by various socialist movements, tendencies, and organizations, to emphasize the democratic character of their political orientation. The term is sometimes used synonymously with 'social democracy', but many self-identified[citation needed] democratic socialists oppose social democracy, seeing it as capitalist |
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| The belief in the desirability of the acquisition of colonies and dependencies, or the extension of a country's influence through trade, diplomacy, etc |
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| It is named for the French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829), who incorporated the action of soft inheritance into his evolutionary theories and is often incorrectly cited as the founder of soft inheritance. It proposed that individual efforts during the lifetime of the organisms were the main mechanism driving species to adaptation, as they supposedly would acquire adaptive changes and pass them on to offspring. |
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| He was the founder of the diamond company De Beers, which today markets 40% of the world's rough diamonds and at one time marketed 90%.[2] He was an ardent believer in colonialism and imperialism, and was the founder of the state of Rhodesia, |
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| was an English author and poet. Born in Bombay, British India[2] (now Mumbai), he is best known for his works of fiction The Jungle Book (1894) Later in life Kipling came to be recognized (by George Orwell, at least) as a "prophet of British imperialism."[8] Many saw prejudice and militarism in his work |
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| "The White Man's Burden" is a poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling. Although Kipling's poem mixed exhortation to empire with sober warnings of the costs involved, imperialists within the United States latched onto the phrase "white man's burden" as a characterization for imperialism that justified the policy as a noble enterprise |
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| extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy".[1] In practice, it refers to the advocation of the use of threats or actual force against other countries in order to safeguard what they perceive as their country's national interests, and colloquially to excessive bias in judging one's own country as superior to others – an extreme type of nationalism. |
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| Austrian psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology.[1] Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for curing psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud is also renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life, |
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Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers, which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior.
Psychoanalysis has three applications:
1. a method of investigation of the mind;
2. a systematized set of theories about human behaviour;
3. a method of treatment of psychological or emotional illness |
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| According to this model, the uncoordinated instinctual trends are the "id"; the organized realistic part of the psyche is the "ego," and the critical and moralizing function the "super-ego." [1] |
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| the psychoanalytic theory that a female's psycho-sexual development involves a sexual attachment to her father, and is analogous to a boy's attachment to his mother that forms the basis of the Oedipus complex. |
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| Classical theory holds that 'resolution' of the Oedipus complex takes place through identification with the parent of the same sex and (partial) temporary renunciation of the parent of the opposite sex; the opposite-sex parent is then 're-discovered' as the growing individual's adult sexual object. |
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| are psychological strategies brought into play by various entities to cope with reality and to maintain self-image. |
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| repression, denial, sublimation and transference. |
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| was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia. competed in the dreadnaught race. |
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| From August 1916 his appointment as Generalquartiermeister made him joint head (with von Hindenburg) of Germany's war effort. From this point on he ran Germany's war effort in World War I until his resignation in October 1918 |
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| rose in the German public's esteem until Hindenburg came to eclipse the Kaiser himself. Hindenburg retired again in 1919, but returned to public life one more time in 1925 to be elected as the second President of Germany. |
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| a straight. In 1915, the western Allies sent a massive invasion force of British, Indian, Australian, and New Zealander troops to attempt to open up the strait. At the battle of Gallipoli, |
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| took place at Gallipoli peninsula in Turkey from 25 April 1915 to 9 January 1916, during the First World War. A joint British Empire and French operation was mounted to capture the Ottoman capital of Istanbul (It was still referred to as Constantinople by the Europeans), and secure a sea route to Russia. The attempt failed, with heavy casualties on both sides. |
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| 28th president of the usa, got the us involved in WWI |
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| The Fourteen Points were listed in a speech delivered by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918. The address was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. The common people of Europe welcomed Wilson as a hero but his Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando) remained skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism |
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| The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial, required Germany to accept sole responsibility for causing the war and, under the terms of articles 231-248 (later known as the War Guilt clauses), to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. |
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| The League of Nations (LoN) was an inter-governmental organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. The League's goals included upholding the new found Rights of Man, disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation, diplomacy and improving global quality of life. |
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| a security arrangement in which all states cooperate collectively to provide security for all by the actions of all against any states within the groups which might challenge the existing order by using force. |
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| roman general that fought against hannibal after he entered through the alps |
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| Unlike Aristotle or Plato, the atomists attempted to explain the world without the presuppositions of purpose, prime mover, or final cause. For the atomists questions should be answered with a mechanistic explanation ("What earlier circumstances caused this event?"), while their opponents searched for teleological explanations ("What purpose did this event serve?"). |
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| edict by constantine that allowed for tolerance of religions. |
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| a security arrangement in which all states cooperate collectively to provide security for all by the actions of all against any states within the groups which might challenge the existing order by using force. |
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| a concept used to describe political systems whereby a state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life. |
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| a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction |
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| a faction of the Russian revolutionary movement that emerged in 1903 after a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov, both members of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. The dispute originated at the Second Congress of that party, ostensibly over minor issues of party organization. Martov's supporters, who were eventually left in the minority at congress, came to be called "Mensheviks", |
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| He was one of the leaders of the Russian October Revolution, second only to Lenin. During the early days of the Soviet Union, he served first as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and later as the founder and commander of the Red Army and People's Commissar of War. |
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| asserted the need for a logically consistent theory for the study of human society, that should be devoid of ideology and vague clichés. He proposed his logical sociology as a foundation for such a theory |
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| a Bolshevik revolutionary and a prominent Soviet politician. He was briefly the nominal head of the Soviet state in 1917 and a founding member (1919) and later chairman (1923-1924) of the ruling Politburo. |
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| any of various representative assemblies in modern Russia and Russian history. The State Duma in the Russian Empire and Russian Federation corresponds to the lower house of the parliament. |
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| The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. |
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Nicholas II abdicated following the February Revolution of 1917 during which he and his family were imprisoned.
was the last Tsar of Russia, |
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| a Russian mystic who is perceived as having influenced the later days of the Russian Tsar Nicholas II, his wife the Tsaritsa Alexandra, and their only son the Tsarevich Alexei. |
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| served as the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government until Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, known commonly as Lenin, was elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets following the October Revolution. |
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The Socialist-Revolutionary Party
bringing together numerous local socialist-revolutionary groups which had been established in the 1890s |
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| situated on the main railway line connecting Berlin and Moscow,Brest became a principal border crossing since World War II in Soviet times. A city in belarus |
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| was the economic and political system that existed in the Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War, from 1918 to 1921. According to Soviet historiography, this policy was adopted by the Bolsheviks with the aim of keeping towns and the Red Army supplied with weapons and food, in conditions when all normal economic mechanisms and relations were being destroyed by the war. |
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was the first of a succession of Soviet state security organizations. It was created by a decree issued on December 20, 1917, by Vladimir Lenin and subsequently led by an aristocrat turned communist Felix Dzerzhinsky.[1] After 1922, the Cheka underwent a series of reorganizations.
From its founding, the Cheka was an important military and security arm of the Bolshevik communist government. |
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| is the executive committee for a number of political parties, most notably those of communists. |
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| an international Communist organization founded in Moscow in March 1919. The International intended to fight "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State |
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| New Economic Policy. proposed by Vladimir Lenin to prevent the Russian economy from collapsing. Allowing some private ventures, the NEP allowed small businesses to reopen for private profit while the state continued to control banks, foreign trade, and large industries |
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| were a category of relatively affluent and well-endowed peasants in the later Russian Empire, Soviet Russia, and early Soviet Union. The word kulak originally referred to independent farmers in the Russian Empire who emerged as a result of the Stolypin reform which began in 1906. The Stolypin reform created a new class of landowners who were allowed to acquire for credit a plot of land from the large estate owners, and the credit (a kind of mortgage loan) was to be repaid from farm work |
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| a series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development in the Soviet Union. |
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| Collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise. |
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| were Republican military units made up of many non-state-sponsored, anti-fascist volunteers from different countries who traveled to Spain to fight for the Republic in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939. |
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| Franco participated in a coup d'etat against the elected Popular Front government. The coup failed and devolved into the Spanish Civil War during which he emerged as the leader of the Nationalists against the Popular Front government. After winning the civil war with some assistance from Benito Mussolini's Italy and Adolf Hitler's Germany, he dissolved the Spanish Parliament. He then established a right wing authoritarian regime that lasted until 1978, when a new constitution was drafted. |
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| was a German politician and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS). He was one of most powerful men in Nazi Germany. As Reichsführer-SS he oversaw all police and security forces, including the Gestapo. |
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| The agreement, signed by Germany, France, Britain, and Italy permitted German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. The Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia, as most of its border defenses were situated there. |
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| The agreement renounced warfare between the two countries and pledged neutrality by either party if the other were attacked by a third party. Each signatory promised not to join any grouping of powers that was "directly or indirectly aimed at the other party."named after Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, |
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| a type of economic system proposed as replacement for capitalism and state socialism which utilizes federations of collectivist trade unions. |
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| were Fascist paramilitary groups in Italy during the period immediately following World War I and until the end of World War II. Blackshirts were also known as the National Security Volunteer Militia (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale, or MVSN). |
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| After World War I the term was used for the paramilitary organizations that sprang up around Weimar Germany and fought against enemies of the state, both internal and external. |
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| a left-wing Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany during and just after the politically volatile years of World War I. The League was named after Spartacus, leader of the largest slave rebellion of the Roman Republic. It was founded by Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg, Clara Zetkin, and others. |
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| she co-founded, with Karl Liebknecht, the revolutionary Spartakusbund (Spartacist League), that on 1 January 1919 became the Communist Party of Germany. |
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| a German socialist and a co-founder of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of Germany. |
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| a Hungarian Communist politician who ruled Hungary as leader of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919. |
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| is the German name used in English in the first half of the 20th century for the western regions of Czechoslovakia inhabited mostly by ethnic Germans, specifically the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia associated with Bohemia. |
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| The Battle of Dunkirk during the Second World War was the defence and evacuation of British and Allied forces in Europe from May 26 to June 4, 1940. A large force of soldiers were cut off in northern France by a German armored advance to the English Channel coast at Calais. 338,226 Allied troops caught in the pocket were successfully evacuated by sea to England. |
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| The Dieppe Raid, also known as The Battle of Dieppe or Operation Jubilee, during the Second World War, was an Allied attack on the German-occupied port of Dieppe, Seine-Inférieure on the Northern coast of France on 19 August 1942. Over 6,000 infantrymen, predominantly Canadian, were supported by large British naval and Allied air force contingents. |
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| the Invasion of Normandy began — commencing the Western Allied effort to liberate mainland Europe from Nazi occupation during World War II. |
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| The Battle of Stalingrad was a battle between Nazi Germany and its allies and the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia. often cited as a turning point of World War II. |
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