Carracci

Adhered to classical & conservative tastes in work -
ceiling paintings enjoyed success as emulating the
Sistine Chapel  by Michealangelo

Loves of the Arts

Italy: Baroque

1597-1601

[image]

Caravaggio

Painting of common people in clothing of the times -
Italian master - Relatively short career- very influential esp in Spain & Netherlands-work appealed to the general public -
USED TENEBRISM - Conveyed message of Christ's works -

Carravaggism = style & technique of his used by others artists

Italy:Baroque

The Calling of St. Matthew/The Conversion of Paul

1600/1601

[image][image]

Tenebrism

Use of dramatic lighting effects.

First utilized by Caravaggio.

Maderno

Design of St. Peters incorporates theatrical approach - detail and design convey glory, majesty and power of the Church -

St. Peters, Rome - Nave & Facade

Italy: Baroque

1607-1612

[image]

Bernini

Colonnade draws the visitors to the entrance -
incorporates theatrical approach - conveys glory, majesty
and power of the Church -

St. Peters, Rome: Colonnade/ David

Baldacchino 1594

Italy: Baroque 

1657/1623

[image][image]

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Gentileschi

Her Florentine Period, from 1613-1621, was one of the more successful times of her life - she was the first female painter to become a member of the Accademia di Arte del Disegno in Florence - historical and religious painter

Judith and her Maidservant

Italy: Baroque

1625

[image]

Longhena

Built to thank the Virgin for the city's deliverance from
the plague - designed many other churches in the city

Santa Maria della Salute

Venice, Italy: Baroque

1631-1687

[image]

Borromini

Italian architecture master - inventive and distinctive architecture employing manipulations of Classical architectural forms, geometrical rationales in his plans
and symbolic meanings in his buildings - melancholic
and quick in temper which resulted in him withdrawing
from certain jobs - He committed suicide

Facade of San Carlo, Rome

Italy: Baroque

1665-1667

[image]

Gaulli

Baciccio, Il Baciccio or Baciccia (all Genoese nicknames for Giovanni Battista) - he experimented with the cooler palette and linear style of Bolognese classicism - He received many private commissions for mythological and religious works -

Triumph of the Name of Jesus

Italy:Baroque

1672-1679

[image]

Valasquez

Proponent of Carravaggism - ascended to the role of court painter for Philip IV during height of Spanish painting - influenced by Dutch works - genre subjects and
common themes over religious subjects

The Water Carrier of Seville/Surrender at Breda/The Maids of Honor

Spain: Baroque

1619/1635/1636

[image][image][image]

Rubens

Most important artist of the era - spoke several languages - epitome of Baroque refinement - traveled through Europe completing commissions for variety of patrons - contorted chiaroscuro - palatte more subdued - inventive, dynamic - canvases set the standard - most Flemish art was mythological or religious - was also a celebrated portraitist

Marchesa Brigida Spinola Doria/

The Raising of the Cross (& sketch)

Flander:Baroque

1606/1611

[image][image][image]

Peeters

Still lifes were unique to the Flemish - began as studies and became grew increasingly complex and theatrical - elaborate foods, exotic game and objects arranged in complex layered compositions to convey wealth and taste

Still Life with Fruit and Flowers

Flanders:Baroque

1612

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Wunderkammern

Rooms of wonder - private collections of art that were the forerunners of museums - Flemish artists depicted these rooms in large paintings that featured art collections of the aristocracy and wealthy

Jan Brueghel

Allegory of Sight - art or associated activities conveyed with wealth and taste - Wunderkammen

Van Dyck

Became the leading court painter in England -  He is most famous for his portraits of King Charles I of England and Scotland and his family and court - relaxed elegance that was to be the dominant influence on English portrait-painting for the next 150 years - painted biblical and mythological subjects, displayed outstanding facility as a draftsman, and was an important innovator in watercolour and etching

Portrait of Charles I Hunting
Flanders:Baroque

1635

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Hals

Especially famous for portraiture. He is notable for his loose painterly brushwork, and helped introduce this lively style of painting into Dutch art - family fled during the Fall of Antwerp (1584-1585) from the Spanish Netherlands to Haarlem - Mannerist influence - restoration work was paid for by the city of Haarlem, since all religious art was confiscated after the iconoclasm, but the entire collection of paintings was not formally possessed by the city council until 1625

Banquet of the Officers of the St. George Civic Guard/

The Jolly Touper

1616/1628-1630

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Rembrandt

Rembrandt van Rijn of Amsterdam - Greatest Dutch painter - greatly influenced by Caravaggio - nearly rivaled Rubens - large studio with apprentices  - painting, etching and drawing - sought after for his portraits - emotional intensity not commonly seen - unique composition for portraiture - subjects carved from dark moody backgrounds - textured effects of impasto - famous for self portraits

The Blinding of Samson/The Night Watch/Self-Portrait

Holland:Baroque

1636/1642/1658

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Impasto

technique of applying thick paint to achieve athmospheric effects - used by Rembrant van Rijn of Amsterdam

Vermeer

Holland produced first genre paintings of the era - gentle scenes of peasant life became increasingly narrative and allegorical w/ Vermeer - master of the effects of light and composition - elegant stories of simple people - gave the viewer a voyeuristic perspectives into the lives of his subjects

Woman Holding A Balance

Holland:Baroque

1664

[image]

Steen

Steen was born into a strong Catholic family - quite prolific, creating approximately 800 paintings during his
lifetime. Roughly 350 of those paintings survive
today that ran a tavern

The Feast of St. Nicholas

Holland:Baroque

1665-1668

[image]

Poussin

Rejected Caravaggio's approach, which caused a rift among the artists - disliked common touch - almost entire life in Rome - Death of Germanicus is first of many heroic deathbed paintings and typical of history paintings - chiaroscuro, elaborate compsition, perfectly modeled classical figures, and palette all echo the renaissance - favored ideal landscape rather than actual site - trend common in french painting until time of Impressionists - serenely beautiful scenes conveyed in order and majesty of the era - all as it should be between G-d, nature and humanity - distinction and harmony -
France's glory and elegant taste conveyed

The Death of Germanicus/The Abduction of the Sabine Women

France:Baroque

1627-1628

[image][image]

La Vau

Le Vau’s plan called for an enfilade of seven rooms, each dedicated to one of the then known planets and their associated titular Roman deity. Le Vau’s plan was bold as he designed
a heliocentric system that centered on the Salon of Apollo - Louis XIV found the rooms too cold and opted to live in
the rooms previously occupied by his father

Palace of Versailles/Hall of Mirrors, Versailles

France:Baroque

1669-1685/1678

[image][image]

Hardouin-Mansart

Work is generally considered to be the apex of French Baroque architecture, representing the power and grandeur of
Louis XIV - known, was one of the most important European architects of the seventeenth century - used the mansard roof

Palace of Versailles/Hall of Mirrors

1669-1685/1678

[image][image]

Rigaud

Helped to formulate what a state portrait should be. While Rigaud made a credible likeness of the king, his purpose was not to express Louis's character but to glorify the monarchy - had many copies made - ceremonial robes, elegant stance, and haughty expression proclaim his exalted status - remained concerned with the particular, describing the king's costume in great detail, even down to his shoe buckles

Portrait of Louis XIV

France:Baroque

1701

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Wren

The calamity of the Great Fire of London Christopher Wren, and the young architect did not hesitate to seize his chance - Charles gave Wren the commission to rebuild the cities churches, including Old St. Paul's Cathedral.To finance this rebuilding a special tax was levied on coal arriving at the port of London - Ornately curved and brilliantly coloured decoration abounds, and in a symmetry that is nearly overwhelming - A simple Latin inscription on Christopher Wren's tomb in the cathedral Crypt translates as "Reader, if you seek his memorial, look about you" proved the opportunity of a lifetime for

St. Paul's Cathedral, London

England:Baroque

1675-1710

[image]

Rococo

Flourish and indulgence and opulence - depicted aristocracy's continued self indulgence at the dawn of the Enlightenment when it climaxed - art depicted frivalous lives of the wealthy - epitomized everything the Enlightenment resented
and ralied against

Hogarth

Flourish of indulgence and opulence - self indulgence of the aristocracy - What the Enlightenment rallied against

The Orgy, from The Rake's Progress

England:Rococo

1734

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Fragonard

French painter and printmaker whose late Rococo manner
was distinguished by remarkable facility, exuberance,
and hedonism. One of the most prolific artists active
in the last decades of the Ancien Régime, Fragonard
produced more than 550 paintings

The Swing

France:Rococo

1767

[image]

Soufflot

French architect in the international circle that introduced Neoclassicism - Soufflot considered the classical idiom essential. He stood out for his "strictness of line, firmness of form, simplicity of contour, and rigorously architectonic conception of detail" which contrasted sharply with the late Baroque and Rococo architecture of his contemporaries

The Pantheon

Paris, France:Neoclassicism

1757

[image]

Greuze

Touch of melodramatic exaggeration, however, which runs through them finds an apology in the firm and brilliant play of line, in the freshness and vigour of the flesh tints, in the enticing softness of expression, by the alluring air of health and youth, by the sensuous attractions, in short, with which Greuze invests his lessons of bourgeois morality

The Village Bride

France: Neoclassicism

1761

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Wright

Wright was intimately involved in depicting the Industrial Revolution and the scientific advances of the Enlightenment, but while his paintings were recognized as something out of the ordinary by his contemporaries, his provincial status and choice of subjects meant the style was never widely imitated

The Experiment on a Bird

England:Neoclassicism

1768

[image]

West

Depicting the final moments of British General James Wolfe during the 1759 Battle of Quebec, 7 years war- depicts General Wolfe as a Christlike figure - The depiction of the Native American warrior in the painting — kneeling with his chin on his fist, looking at General Wolfe — has been analyzed in various ways - he touching of one's face with
one's hand is a sign of deep thought and intelligence -
Some consider it an idealization inspired by the Noble Savage -  The clothing West depicted in this scene was highly controversial at the time. Although the event was relatively recent -- only eleven years prior -- its subject matter made
it a fitting example of the genre of history painting, for
which contemporary dress was unsuitable.

The Death of General Wolfe

American:Neoclassicism

1770'

[image]

Jefferson

Based on the neoclassical principles described in the
books of the Italian Renaissance architect 

Monticello, Virginia/University of Virginia, Charlottesville

American:Neoclassical

1770-1782/1800's

[image][image]

Houdon

Famous for his portrait busts and statues of philosophers, inventors and political figures of the Enlightenment - was
not greatly influenced by ancient and Renaissance art in Rome- superb Ecorché (1767), an anatomical model which
has served as a guide to all artists since his day, and the
statue of Saint Bruno in the church of Santa Maria
degli Angeli e dei Martiri in Rome - 

Voltaire Seated

France:Neoclassical

1781

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Jacques-Louis David

Instant sensation - Late arrival of Oath had a late arrival to the 1784 salon created public clamor - social impact - precise goal of Neoclassicism - Empiricism of the day eroded belief in a supreme being - shown in Oath - single composition and dramatic poses - stirred the emotions of the populace - distinguished from other paintings is sharp linear distinctions between forms and colors - LUSH BRUSHWORK AND SOFT FORMS OF THE ROCOCO REPLACED BY CRISP, CLEAN BRUSHWORK ECHOING THE RATIONALITY AND ORDER OF THE DAY'S THOUGHT

The Oath of the Horatii/The Death of Marat

France:Neoclassical

1784/1793

[image][image]

Kaufmann

Angelica Kauffmann contributed to the replacement of "natural" pictures with simple figure types, homely situations, and contemporary settings with subject matter of an exemplary nature drawn from Greek and Roman history and literature.

Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures

Swiss:Neoclassical

1785

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Canova

Became famous for his marble sculptures that delicately rendered nude flesh. The epitome of the neoclassical style, his work marked a return to classical refinement after the theatrical excesses of Baroque sculpture

Cupid & Psyche

Italy:Neoclassical

1787-1793

[image]

Ingres

He considered himself to be a painter of history in the tradition of Nicolas Poussin and Jacques-Louis David, by the end of his life it was Ingres's portraits, both painted and drawn, that were recognized as his greatest legacy - assumed the role of a guardian of academic orthodoxy against the ascendant Romantic style represented by his nemesis Eugène Delacroix.

Portrait of Napoleon on His Imperial Throne/Grand Odalisque

France:Neoclassical

1806/1814

[image][image]

Schinkel

Prussian architect and painter. Schinkel was one of the most prominent German architects and the best example of neoclassicism - style, in his most productive period, is defined by a turn to Greek rather than Imperial Roman architecture,
an attempt to turn away from the style that was linked
to the recent French occupiers. (Thus, he is a noted
proponent of the Greek Revival.)

Altes Museum, Berlin

Germany: Neoclassical

1824-1830

[image]

Fuseli

He was among the first who took up such themes of Gothic intensity in art and literature. He began changing revolution by the sword into a revolution of the human psyche. He anticipated Shelley and Byron - his paintings are never either languid or cold. His figures are full of life and earnestness, and seem to have an object in view which they follow with intensity. Like Rubens he excelled in the art of setting his figures in motion. Though the lofty and terrible was his proper sphere, Fuseli had a fine perception of the ludicrous

The Nightmare

German:Transitional

1781

[image]

Wright

Landscape and portrait painter. He has been acclaimed as "the first professional painter to express the spirit of the Industrial Revolution." - notable for his use of Chiaroscuro effect, which emphasises the contrast of light and dark, and for his paintings of candle-lit subjects - His paintings of the birth of science out of alchemy, often based on the meetings of the Lunar Society, a group of very influential scientists and industrialists living in the English Midlands, are a significant record of the struggle of science against religious values in the period known as the Age of Enlightenment.

The Widow of an Indian Chief

England:Transitional

1785

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Chiaroscuro

Contrast between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition. It is also more technically used by artists and art historians for the use of effects representing contrasts of light, not necessarily strong, to achieve a sense of volume in modeling three-dimensional objects such as the human body.

Gericault

Died young, became one of the pioneers of the Romantic movement - The painting represents French romanticism and has a motif similar to Jacques Louis David's Napoleon Crossing the Alps, but non-classicalpainting was Géricault's first exhibited work. Géricault would continue to move away from classicism, as exemplified in his masterpiece
The Raft of the Medusa characteristics of the picture
include its dramatic diagonal arrangement and vigorous
paint handling - (1818–19).

Charging Chasseur

France:Romanticism

1812

[image]

Goya

Rejected a rational world where all could be explained in favor of subjective experience and intuition - captures the brutal slaughter of Spaniards during the Napoleonic War - Moment is NOT heroic or idealized as it would have been in a neoclassical history painting - violence is raw, indifferent and anonymous - victims appear terrified as they are sent to
a meaningless death by unknown assailants - death is a
major preoccupation for Romantics and it is a theme
in many important paintings - Turner's fierce epic
"The Slave Ship" and Theodore Gericaults "Raft of
Medusa" shows violent, fateful events

The Third of May

Spain:Romanticism

1814

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Nash

It is built in the Indo-Saracenic style prevalent in India for most of the 19th Century - Between 1815 and 1822 the designer John Nash redesigned the palace - Nash did not complete all the detailed designs himself; in some instances, completion was left in the hands of other architects such as James Pennethorne and the young Decimus Burton. Nash was employed by the Prince to develop his Ocean Pavilion Palace in Brighton, originally designed by Henry Holland. By the early 19th century Nash finished his work on the Ocean Pavilion, which was now transformed into the Royal Pavilion. The Royal Pavilion still stands in Brighton today.

Royal Pavilion, Brighton

England:Romanticism

1815-1823

[image]

Delacroix

leader of the French Romantic school. Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott and the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the

Death of Sardanapalus/Women of Algiers

France:Romanticism

1827/1834

[image][image]

Constable

Known principally for his landscape paintings Dedham Vale, the area surrounding his home—now known as "Constable Country"—which he invested with an intensity of affection. "I should paint my own places best", he wrote to his friend John Fisher in 1821, "painting is but another word for feeling" - United Kingdom - As a response to deteriorating relations between the clergy and the military at Old Sarum - paid for by donation - The cathedral is the subject of famous paintings
by John Constable. The view depicted in the paintings
has changed very little in almost two centuries of
tallest church spire in the UK - This painting
wasa personal statement of his turbulent emotions
and his changing states of mind.

Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows

England:Romanticism

1829-1834

[image]

Cole

European conventions of landscape painting to convey the visual representation of the struggle between wilderness and civilization - commissioned by New York patron Luman Reed, who had met Cole in 1832, and the two held a friendship largely based on Reed's generosity in buying Cole's paintings

The Oxbow

American:Romanticism

1836

[image]

Turner

18th century slave traders who would throw the dead and dying human 'cargo' overboard during the middle passage in the Atlantic Ocean in order that they might claim the insurance for 'drowning' - painting such an emotive subject Turner was attempting to assist in the abolitionist campaign. The violent power of the sea and the strange sea creatures represent the forces of nature punishing the guilty.

The Slave Ship

England:Romanticism

1840

[image]

Rousseau

business training, but soon displayed aptitude for painting. Although his father regretted the decision at first, he became reconciled to his son leaving business, and throughout the artist's career (for he survived his son) was a sympathizer with him in all his conflicts with the Paris Salon authorities - pictures are always grave in character, with an air of exquisite melancholy which is powerfully attractive to the lover of landscapes

Under the Birches

France:Romanticism

1842-1843

[image]

Carot

Father of Impressionism before its time, Camille Corot spent most of his life detached from the art world. It was only towards the end of his career that up and coming artists began to see the importance of his work, thus naming him “le Père Corot.” Though he was the supposed father of pre-Impressionism, Corot did not appreciate the work of his younger contemporaries, such as Monet and Degas. One only has to look at his work to see the vast difference in his style and the style of the late 19th century bohemian Parisians.

Morning:Dance of the Nymphs

French:Romanticism

1850

[image]

Walpole

He incorporated many of the exterior details of cathedrals into the interior of the house. Externally there seemed to be two predominant styles ‘mixed’; a style based on castles with turrets and battlements, and a style based on Gothic cathedrals with arched windows and stained glass.

Strawberry Hill, Twickenham

England:Gothic Revival

1749-1777

[image]

Robinson

William Robinson of the Royal Office of Works contributed professional experience in overseeing construction. They looked at many examples of architecture in England and in other countries, adapting such works as the chapel at Westminster Abbey built by Henry VII for inspiration for the fan vaulting of the gallery, without any pretense at scholarship. Chimney-pieces were improvised from engravings of tombs at Westminster and Canterbury and Gothic stone fretwork blind details were reproduced by painted wallpapers, while in the Round Tower added in 1771, the chimney-piece was based on the tomb of Edward the Confessor

Strawberry Hill, Twickenham

England:Romanticism

1749-1777

[image]

Barry

Charles Barry and his design for a building in the Perpendicular Gothic style - Following the destruction by fire of the existing Houses of Parliament on 16 October 1834, Barry won the commission in 1836 to design the new Palace of Westminster - Parliament gave Barry a prestigious name in architecture, it near enough finished him off. The building
was overdue in its construction and was well over
budget making Barry tired and stressed.

Houses of Parliament, London

England:Gothic Revival

1836

[image]

Pugin

Barry was assisted by Augustus W. N. Pugin, a leading authority on Gothic architecture and style, who provided designs for the decoration and furnishings of the Palace. Construction started in 1840 and lasted for thirty years, suffering great delays and cost overruns, as well as the death of both leading architects; works for the interior decoration continued intermittently well into the twentieth century.

Houses of Parliament, London

England: Gothic Revival

[image]

Barbizon School of Landscape

Flourishes in France

1830-1870

The Barbizon School of French landscape painting derived its named from Barbizon village in northern France, where most of the school’s painters resided. This group of men lead by Theodore Rousseau rejected the classical landscape style and insisted upon direct study from nature. The leaders of the Barbizon school were Georges Michel, Theodore Rousseau, Jean-Francois Miller, and Corot. Considered part of French Realism, the movement was inspired by Constable
who advocated making landscape painting a true
rendering of nature.

Courbet

led the Realist movement in 19th-century French painting. The Realist movement bridged the Romantic movementThéodore Géricault and Eugène Delacroix), with the Barbizon School and the Impressionists. Courbet occupies an important place in 19th century French painting as an innovator and as an artist willing to make bold social commentary in his work. (characterized by the paintings of

Burial at Ornans/The Stone Breakers

France:Realism

1849-1850

[image][image]

Manet

He was a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism.His early masterworks The Luncheon on the Grass and Olympia engendered great controversy, and served as rallying points for the young painters who would create Impressionism. Today these are considered watershed paintings that mark the genesis of modern art.

The Luncheon on the Grass/Olympia

French:Realism [to Impressionism]

[image][image]

Eakin

Eakins began to paint rowing pictures. This work is among the most celebrated of those painted between 1870 and 1874. It depicts Eakins' boyhood friend Max Schmitt (1843–1900), a champion oarsman, in a scull on the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia.

Max Schmitt in a Single Scull

American:Realism

1871

[image]

Whistler

Averse to sentimentality and moral allusionin painting, he was a leading proponent of the credo art for arts sake. His famous signature butterfly possessing a long stinger for a tail. arrangements, harmonies, and nocturnes, emphasizing the primacy of tonal harmony. for his paintings was in the shape of a stylized The symbol was apt, for it combined both aspects of his personality—his art was characterized by a subtle delicacy, while his public persona was combative. Finding
a parallel between painting and music, Whistler titled many of his paintings "

Symphony in White No. II

American:Aestheticism

1864

[image]

Burne-Jones

British artist and designer closely associated with the later phase of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, who worked closely with William Morris on a wide range of decorative arts as a founding partner in Morris, Marshall, Faulkner, and Company. Burne-Jones was closely involved in the rejuvenation of the tradition of stained glass art in England; his stained glass works include the windows of Birmingham Cathedral

Laus Verneris

England:Aestheticism

1873-1878

[image]

Monet

A founder of French impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to
plein-air landscape painting. The term Impressionism is derived
from the title of his painting Impression, Sunrise

On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt/Wheatstack, Sun in the Mist

French:Impressionist

1868/1891

[image][image]

Morisot

A painter and a member of the circle of painters in Paris who became known as the Impressionists. Undervalued for over a century, possibly because she was a woman, she is now considered among the first league of Impressionist painters - Morisot painted what she experienced on a daily basis. Her paintings reflect the 19th century cultural restrictions of her class and gender. She avoided urban and street scenes as well as the nude figure and, like her fellow female Impressionist Mary Cassatt, focused on domestic life and portraits in which she could use family and personal friends as models. Paintings like The Cradle (1872), in which she depicted current trends for nursery furniture, reflect her sensitivity to fashion and advertising, both of which would have been apparent
to her female audience

Summer Day

France:Impressionist

1879

[image]

Renoir

Leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style. As a celebrator of beauty, and especially feminine sensuality, it has been said that "Renoir is the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from Rubens to Watteau"

Luncheon of the Boating Party

France:Impressionist

1881

[image]

Cassatt

Lived much of her adult life in France, where she first befriended Edgar Degas and later exhibited among the Impressionists. Cassatt often created images of the social and private lives of women, with particular emphasis on the intimate bonds between mothers and children.

The Childs Bath

American:Impressionist

1891-1892

[image]

Bierstadt

Best known for his large landscapes of the American West. In obtaining the subject matter for these works, Bierstadt joined several journeys of the Westward Expansion. Though not the first artist to record these sites, Bierstadt was the foremost painter of these scenes for the remainder of the 19th century.Bierstadt was part of the Hudson River School, not an institution but rather an informal group of like-minded painters. The Hudson River School style involved carefully detailed paintings with romantic, almost glowing lighting, sometimes called luminism. An important interpreter of the western landscape, Bierstadt, along with Thomas Moran, is also grouped with the Rocky Mountain School.

The Rocky Mountains, Landers Peak

German-American:Traditionalists

1863
[image]

Winslow Homer

American landscape painter and printmaker, best known for his marine subjects. He is considered one of the foremost painters in 19th century America and a preeminent figure in American art. Largely self-taught, Homer began his career working as a commercial illustrator. He subsequently took up oil painting and produced major studio works characterized by the weight and density he exploited from the medium. He also worked extensively in watercolor, creating a fluid and prolific oeuvre, primarily chronicling his working vacations.

Snap the Whip

American:Traditionalist

1872

[image]

Sargent

A leading portrait painter of his era. During his career,
he created roughly 900 oil paintings and more than
2,000 watercolors, as well as countless sketches
and charcoal drawings.

Mr. and Mrs. I.N. Phelps Stokes

American:Traditionalist

1897

[image]

Morris

Textile designer, artist, writer, socialist and Marxist associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and the English Arts and Crafts Movement. Morris wrote and published poetry, fiction, and translations of ancient and medieval texts throughout his life. His best-known works include The Defence of Guenevere and Other Poems (1858), The Earthly Paradise (1868–1870), A Dream of John Ball and the utopian News from Nowhere. He was an important figure in the emergence of socialism in Britain, founding the Socialist League in 1884, but breaking with the movement over goals and methods by the end of that decade. He devoted much of the rest of his life to the Kelmscott Press, which he founded in 1891.

Green Dining Room

England:Architecture/Design

1867

[image]

Roebling

Grew in esteem as the public began to appreciate beauty and impact - provides needed service to people - spectacular
view of the growing city - structure for the time and
the people echoing the proletarian sentiment
of France and the US

Brooklyn Bridge

American:Architecture/Design

1867-1883

[image]

Eiffel

Grew in esteem as the public began to appreciate beauty and impact - provides needed service to people - spectacular
view of the growing city - structure for the time and
the people echoing the proletarian sentiment
of France and the US

Eiffel Tower

France:Architecture/Design

1887-1889

[image]

O'Sullivan

Hundreds and thousands of torn Union and rebel soldiers--although many of the former were already interred--strewed the now quiet fighting ground, soaked by the rain, which for two days had drenched the country with its fitful showers.

This paragraph opens the text that Alexander Gardner wrote to accompany this photograph in Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Both text and image eloquently capture the war's toll of death and destruction, especially apparent after the Battle of Gettysburg, which took place from July 1 to July 3, 1863. Although Gardner's caption identifies the men in the photograph as "rebels represented...without shoes," they are probably Union dead. During the Civil War, shoes were routinely removed from corpses because supplies were scarce and surviving troops needed them.

At the turn of the century, still considered a tool not an art - Pictorialists sought to change that - Kodak camera made picture taking easier - printing techniques made pictures more common in newspapers - Pictorialists emulated works of art with their composition and soft focus - striking chiaroscuro - contrasted the crisp work of documentary photogs - capturing motion was a preoccupation of photography of the time

A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg

American:Photography

1863

[image]

Cameron

At the turn of the century, still considered a tool not an art - Pictorialists sought to change that - Kodak camera made picture taking easier - printing techniques made pictures more common in newspapers - Pictorialists emulated works of art with their composition and soft focus - striking chiaroscuro - contrasted the crisp work of documentary photogs - capturing motion was a preoccupation of photography of the time

in one of the greatest outpourings of creativity in the history of art, went about for a decade discovering beauty in her family and friends and the working men and women around her, hauling people into her "studio," a converted hen coop, and making of their bodily forms immortal images.

It was the immortal within them she responded to. She had little interest in sociological data, details of clothing, tools of trades. When she looked at a domestic servant with a mop and bucket, her imagination erased the mop and bucket, covered the homespun clothing with swaths of drapery, and saw the woman as the current exemplar of some timeless, enduring type - a youthful May Queen or noble Madonna, a suffering Ophelia, a sinning Guinevere, a sainted wife, devoted daughter, grieving mother,

Sister Spirits

England:Photography

1865

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Muybridge

Known primarily for his important pioneering work, with
use of multiple cameras to capture motion, and his zoopraxiscope, a device for projecting motion pictures that pre-dated the flexible perforated film strip that is used today

Untitled

American:Photography

1878

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Riis

Danish American social reformer, muckrakingjournalist and photographer. He is known for his dedication to using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City, which was the subject of most of his prolific writings and photography. He helped with the implementation of "model tenements" in New York with the help of humanitarian Lawrence Veiller. As one of the most prominent exponents of the newly practicable flash, he is considered a pioneer in photography.

Five Cents A Spot

American:Photography

1889

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Stieglitz

American photographer and modern art promoter who was instrumental over his fifty-year career in making photography an accepted art form. In addition to his photography, Stieglitz is known for the New York art galleries that he ran in the early part of the 20th century, where he introduced many avant-garde European artists to the U.S. He was married to painter Georgia O'Keeffe.

The City of Ambition

American:Photography

1910

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Cezanne

Laid the foundations of the transition from the 19th century Conception of artistic endeavour to a new and radically different world of art in the 20th century. Cézanne can be said to form the bridge between late 19th century Impressionism and the early 20th century's new line of artistic enquiry, Cubism. The line attributed to both Matisse and Picasso that Cézanne "is the father of us all" cannot be easily dismissed.

Cézanne's work demonstrates a mastery of design, colour, composition and draftsmanship.

His often repetitive, sensitive and exploratory brushstrokes are highly characteristic and clearly recognizable. He used planes of colour and small brushstrokes that build up to form complex fields, at once both a direct expression of the sensations of the observing eye and an abstraction from observed nature. The paintings convey Cézanne's intense study of his subjects, a searching gaze and a dogged struggle to deal with the complexity of human visual perception.

Still Life with Apples in a Bowl/Mont Saint-Victoire

French:Post-Impressionist

1879-1883/1885-1887

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Seurat

His most famous painting, altered the direction of modern art by initiating Neo-impressionism, and is one of the icons of 19th century painting - juxtaposition of primary hues next to each other would create a far more intense and pleasing color when perceived by the eye and mind than the corresponding color made by mixing paint. Rood advised that artists be aware of the difference between additive and subtractive qualities of color, since material pigments and optical pigments (light) do not mix together in the same way:

• Material pigments: Red + Yellow + Blue = Black
• Optical / Light : Red + Green + Blue = White  
• - believed that a painter could use color to create harmony and emotion in art in the same way that a musician uses counterpoint and variation to create harmony in music. Seurat theorized that the scientific application of color was like any other natural law, and he was driven to prove this conjecture. He thought that the knowledge of perception and optical laws could be used to create a new language of art based on its own set of heuristics and he set out to show this language using lines, color intensity and color schema. Seurat called this language Chromoluminarism.

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

France:Post-Impressionist

1886

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Divisionism

(also called: Chromoluminarism)

Characteristic style in Neo-Impressionist. By requiring the viewer to combine the colors optically instead of physically mixing pigments, divisionists believed they were achieving
the maximum luminosity scientifically possible. Painting defined by the separation of colors into individual dots or patches which interacted optically - Georges Seurat founded the style around 1884

Rodin

Although Rodin is generally considered the progenitor of modern sculpture, he did not set out to rebel against the past. He was schooled traditionally, took a craftsman-like approach to his work, and desired academic recognition, although he was never accepted into Paris's foremost school of art. Sculpturally, he possessed a unique ability to model a complex, turbulent, deeply pocketed surface in clay.

Many of Rodin's most notable sculptures were roundly criticized during his lifetime. They clashed with the predominant figure sculpture tradition, in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic. Rodin's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory, modeled the human body with realism, and celebrated individual character and physicality.

Rodin was sensitive of the controversy surrounding his work, but refused to change his style. Successive works brought increasing favor from the government and the artistic community.

The Thinker/Burghers of Calais

France:Post-Impressionism

1879-1887/1889

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Van Gogh

Work had a far-reaching influence on 20th century art for its vivid colors and emotional impact. He suffered from anxiety and increasingly frequent bouts of mental illness throughout his life, and died largely unknown, at the age of 37, from a self-inflicted gunshot wound.

"mixed-media". The Langlois Bridge at Arles while several works from Saint-Rémy and Auvers, hitherto considered to be drawings or watercolors, such as Vestibule of the Asylum, Saint-Remy (September 1889), turned out to be painted in diluted oil and with a brush. Radiographical examination has shown that Van Gogh re-used older canvases more extensively than previously assumed—whether he really overpainted more than a third of his output, as presumed recently, must be verified by further investigations. In 2008, a team from Delft University of Technology and the University of Antwerp used advanced X-ray techniques to create a clear image of a woman's face previously painted, underneath the work Patch of Grass shows highly elaborate under-drawing in pen and ink,

Night Cafe/Starry Night

Dutch:Post-Impressionism

1888/1889

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Gauguin

Bold experimentation with colouring led directly to the Synthetist style of modern art Primitivism and the return to the pastoral. He was also an influential exponent of wood engraving and woodcuts as art forms. While his expression of the inherent meaning of the subjects in his paintings, under the influence of the cloisonnist style, paved the way to

Experienced bouts of depression and at one time attempted suicide. Disappointed with Impressionism, he felt that traditional European painting had become too imitative and lacked symbolic depth. By contrast, the art of Africa and Asia seemed to him full of mystic symbolism and vigour. There was a vogue in Europe at the time for the art of other cultures, especially that of Japan

The Vision after the Sermon/Where Do We Come From?

French:Post-Impressionism
1888/1897

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Munch

 Norwegian Symbolist painter, printmaker and an important forerunner of expressionistic art. His best-known composition, The Scream, is part of a series The Frieze of Life, in which Munch explored the themes of life, love, fear, death, and melancholia.

The Scream

Norway: Post-Impressionism

1893

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Toulouse-Lautrec

French painter, printmaker, draughtmaker and illustrator, whose immersion in the colourful and theatrical life of fin de siècle Paris yielded an œuvre of exciting, elegant and provocative images of the modern and sometimes decadent life of those times. Toulouse-Lautrec is known along with Cézanne, Van Gogh, and Gauguin. Post-Impressionist period.
In a 2005 auction at Christie's auction house a new record was set when "La blanchisseuse", an early painting of a young laundress, sold for $22.4 million U.S as one of the greatest painters

At the Moulin Rouge

French: Post-Impressionist

1893-1895

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Klimt

One of the most prominent members of the Vienna Secession movement. His major works include paintings, murals, sketches, and other art objects. Klimt's primary subject was the female body, and his works are marked by a frank eroticism—nowhere is this more apparent than in his numerous drawings in pencil

The Kiss

Austria:Post Impressionist

1908

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Rousseau

Was a major Genevois philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th-century Enlightenment. His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution and the development of modern political and educational thought.

His novel, Emile: or, On Education, which he considered his most important work, is a seminal treatise on the education of the whole person for citizenship. His sentimental novel, Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse, was of great importance to the development of pre-Romanticism and romanticism in fiction. Rousseau's autobiographical writings: his Confessions, which initiated the modern autobiography, and his Reveries of a Solitary Walker were among the pre-eminent examples of the late 18th-century movement known as the "Age of Sensibility", featuring an increasing focus on subjectivity and introspection that has characterized the modern age.

Rousseau also wrote a play and two operas, and made important contributions to music as a theorist. During the period of the French Revolution, Rousseau was the most popular of the philosophes among members of the Jacobin Club. He was interred as a national hero in the Panthéon in Paris, in 1794, 16 years after his death.

The Dream

France:Post Impressionist

1910

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Guimard

Architect, who is widely considered today to be the most prominent representative of the French Art Nouveau movement of the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries.

Guimard did not originally have such a high reputation, because he did not have any followers; however, recently, people have come to realize the extraordinary formal and typological profusion of his architectural and decorative work, the best of it done in a relatively short fifteen years of prolific creative activity.

Metro Station entrance, Paris

France:Art Nouveau

1900

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Tiffany

A Wooded Landscape in Three Panels by Louis Comfort Tiffany is a stained glass window of a forest scene. In the late 19th century, Tiffany pioneered the use of chemical compounds to create a wider range of colored glasses.

A Wooded Landscape was designed for a home near Minneapolis. Imagine how this window would look in a room with the light shining through.

A Wooded Landscape

France:Art Nouveau

1905

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Gaudi

Fantastic house with undulating, living forms. Its structure is based on wrought metallic girders and Catalan-style vaults which are supported by metallic summers on brick (mostly), ashlar or iron columns. The only structural walls pertain to the stairway. Gaudí always said that if someday the building became a hotel there would be no problem because, as it lacks weight-holding walls, the distribution of the flats may be modified by simply changing the placement of the partitions or eliminating them altogether. To hold the façade in place, undulated summers that are built into the stone and are attached to girders of various lengths. The façade construction process was a ritual; first the stone came from Garraf or Vilafranca (province of Barcelona) and were left in an area in front of the construction, and were cut according to the scale model which was made in the basement of the building. Then they were installed in the place, where they were retouched according to Gaudí's commands.

Casa Mila Apartments, Barcelona

Spain:Art Nouveau

1905-1910

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Chicago School

Chicago fire of 1871 - launched modern architecture and made US most advanced in the world- job given to engineers  who were unburdened by architectural preconceptions - towering American style

Richardson

Richardson's best com­mer­cial struc­ture, the Mar­shall Field Who­le­sale Store in Chi­cago, was de­molis­hed in 1930. The buil­ding was con­struc­ted bet­ween 1885 and 1887, seven storeys high, co­ver­ing an ent­ire city block. The store was not the tal­lest ma­sonry struc­ture in Chi­cago. Mo­re­o­ver, the de­sign fea­tured many soon-to-be ana­chro­nis­tic ele­ments com­mon to the de­sign phi­lo­so­phy taught at Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris , the pre­mier ar­chi­tec­tu­ral school of the day. In­deed, Ri­chard­son had trai­ned in Paris. The building's im­port­ance was not Richardson's ad­he­rence to con­ven­tion; ra­ther it was his de­par­ture from con­ven­tion. Gran­deur, strength, and dis­tinc­tion, he de­mons­tra­ted, could be achie­ved wi­thout or­na­men­ta­tion. The ver­sa­ti­lity of con­crete, steel and glass had not yet de­ve­l­o­ped. Richardson's work did, howe­ver, ma­xi­mize the uti­lity of ma­sonry while de­mons­tra­ting the re­duc­tion of de­sign to func­tion ra­ther than have it me­rely an­chor an ela­bo­ra­tion of form. This ap­proach was a pre­cur­sor to the tech­ni­ques, which would find fullest ex­pres­sion with the new buil­ding ma­te­ri­als. Mo­re­o­ver, Ri­chard­son de­mons­tra­ted that a struc­ture worked best if it re­flec­ted the en­vi­ron­ment in which it was si­tua­ted. The Chi­cago of the day was raw, vi­go­rous, and force­ful; the Chi­cago of the poet Carl Sand­berg was sym­bo­li­cally ma­ni­fest in Richardson's de­sign of the Mar­shall Field store. Richardson's work was a power­ful in­flu­ence. This is no­ta­bly so in the work of Stan­ford White and C.F. McKim, two of the de­si­gners re­s­pon­si­ble for the Great Hall of Penn Sta­tion, one of the last hur­rahs of the old Beaux Arts style. Also cer­tainly in­flu­en­ced by Ri­chard­son was Louis H. Sul­li­van, a giant of Ame­ri­can ar­chi­tec­ture and a key link in the chain, which brought ar­chi­tec­ture for­ward to set the stage for the work of Frank Lloyd Wright. Richardson's the­ma­tic eli­mi­na­tion of or­na­ment in the Mar­shall Field store de­sign in­spi­red Sul­li­van to ex­pand the prin­ciple in his de­sign of the Au­di­to­rium Buil­ding in Chi­cago in 1888, one of the last grand ma­sonry buil­dings in Ame­rica.

Marshall Field Wholesale Store

Chicago School

1885-1887

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Sullivan

"Instead of a stack of undifferentiated office rooms, the department store required broad horizontal open spaces where goods could be displayed; at the ground floor the windows were to be showcases highlighting selected wares. Thus in the finished building, constructed in two phases in 1899 and 1903-4, the horizontal line, rather than the vertical, is dominant, with the broad spandrel panels brought up flush with the narrow vertical piers. Nevertheless the tripartite division is present with (a) ground floor windows richly encrusted with cast iron frames by Sullivan and his assistant Elmslie, (b) midsection, and (c) the terminating attic and cornice slab. As in Burnham and Root's Reliance Building, there is a change in color, away from the reds and browns, to glazed white terra cotta."

Schlesinger and Meyer Store

Chicago School

1899-1904

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Wright

Renowned as the greatest example of his Prairie style, the first architectural style that was uniquely American. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on November 27, 1963 and was on the very first National Register of Historic Places list of October 15, 1966.

Robie House

Chicago School

1908-1910

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1855

Exposition Universelle in Paris, France

1863

The Salon des Refuses exhibits work by Cezanne, Manet and others who were rejected by Salon jury

1870s

Cezanne rejects impressionism and begins developing new style

1874

Impressionist paintings first exhibited at Nadars studio in Paris

1891

Gauguin makes his first trip to Tahiti

1895

Siegfried Bing reopens his famous Art Nouveau crafts shop in Paris - Art Nouveau style spreads throughout France and elsewhere