Temperature Conversion

Fahrenheit & Celsius

F to C = 5/9(F-32)

C to F = (9/5)C + 32

Amount of heat req'd to change from one state to the other.

Ex.  Water going from liquid to solid(ice cube).

Opposite of latent heat.  How much heat needed to go from solid to liquid.

Ex.  Ice cube to water

Amount of heat needed to change from liquid to gaseous state.

Conduction - heat travels thru heated solid - pan to flame

Convection - heat is transported via movement of a heated substance - warm air in the oven

Radiation - heat transfer as a result of electromagnetic waves - sun or microwave

1.  Conservation of energy (not impt)

2.  No machine is 100% efficient.  Impossible to construct a machine that absorbs heat from a heat source and performs equal amount of work.  Some heat will ALWAYS be lost to the environment.

Heat can't spontaneously pass from a colder object to a hotter one.  This is because certain events have a preferred directin called the "arrow of time".

Entropy - measure of how much energy/heat is available for work.  Only occurs when heat is transferred from hot to cooler objects.  Once done, no more work can be extracted, tho energy is still being conserved.

Mechanical (sound) - caused by vibrations/air molecules that move parallel/back and forth to direction of wave.  Measured in hertz (1/sec), are longitudinal.

Water - Caused by ships, earthquakes, but most often wind. 

Light - caused by vibrating electric and magnetic fields (visible light, radio waves, x ray, microwaves, gamma rays, radar), travels thru a vacuum (and so are not mechanical), are perpendicular to each other.

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances

109 total (89 natural, 20 synthetic)

Smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element.  All atoms of a particular element are the same.

Nucleus = center

positive particles inside nucleus = protons

# of protons in nucleus of a particular element= atomic number

Made of 2+ elements that have been chemically combined.  Atoms join together when elelments are chemically combined, resulting in a loss of their individual identities as the compound they've become ~has different properties.

~made up of one kind of particle

~formed during chemical change

~broken down only by chemical changes

~properties are different from their parts

~has a specific amount of each ingredient

Classic compounds include:  acids, bases, salts, oxides

Shorthand way of showing what is in a compound thru symbols and subscripts.

Letter = elements

Number subscript = how many atoms of each element are involved (if none shown, assume 1)

any combo of 2+ substances in which the substances ~keep their own properties

~not formed by chemical change

~can be separated by physical changes

~properties are same as their parts

~no definite amount of each ingredient

ex.  fruit salad, ice cream sundae

interactions of substances that result in chemical changes/changes in energy

reactions that change the composition, energy, or structure of atomic nuclei.  Nuclear reactions change the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.  Two main types include:

fission - splitting of nuclei, exothermic (releases heat energy)

fusion - joining of nuclei

1.  Pose a question - "how" or "why" normally

2.  Form a hypothesis

3.  Do the test

4.  Observe/collect data

5.  Draw a conclusion

6.  Graph data

7.  Lab report (title, abstract, purpose, hypothesis, control, observation, results)

8.  Present!

~Began with agricultural revolution 10k years ago

~Pythagoras' theorem (490 BC) recorded on Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets in 1800 BC

~Greeks - bouyancy and approximate radius of Earth

~Indians - math and astronomy 5th-15th centuries AD

~China - compasses, movable-type printing, star atlases, cast iron, iron plough, wheelbarrow, suspension bridge, solid fuel rocket, etc.

~Scientific Method - Arab Empire/Muslims in Middle Ages (advocated for experiments, observations, measurements)

~Science in the West began w/ universities in 12th century

A hypothesis is an educated guess, based on observation

A scientific theory summarizes a hypothesis or group of hypotheses that have been supported with repeated testing.

A law generalizes a body of observations.

Tendon - connects muscle to bone/muscle

Joint-where bones connect

Ligament - connects bone to bone to form a joint