Term
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Definition
| Comprehensive style of living that is developed in society and maintained generation to generation. Traditions, rituals, language, social norms, technology, economic structures. It's everything which is learned by a member of a particular society. |
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Term
| Material vs Non-material culture |
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Definition
M=set of all the physical objects that are assigned cultural meaning (books, homes, cars, iphones, nature)
Non-M=custom's beliefs, political structures, languages, ways of using material. Typically harder to change than material. |
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Term
| Cultural Cooperation + accommodation |
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Definition
Cooperation=agreement btwn 2 parties to work together for a common goal (usually short-term)
Accommodation= argument btwn 2 conflicting cultures to acknowledge but ignore their differences to work together for a common goal. |
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Definition
| process where indiv's are absorbed into a society (can be voluntary-emmigrant or forced-everyone does Pledge). Typically easier for young/educated and well-traveled. |
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Definition
Highest ideals in one's culture-in US, freedom and equality.
Teachers should be sensitive about this so as not to offend. |
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Definition
| Rewards/consequences given to an indiv/group to pursue or renounce a certain course of behavior. Society places sanctions on their members to elicit approved behavior. In a sense, ELL students are sanctioned to the extent that their native lang/culture prohibits them from succeeding as students. Teachers should ID and eliminate these sanctions. |
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Term
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Definition
| specific rules regulating behavior in a culture. Can be formal (laws) or informal (prohibition of spitting in public). Formal norms tend to be more consistent among societies. |
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Term
| Social Markers, laws, folkways |
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Definition
| SM=any part of behavior that indicates the ID, characters, or way of understanding a particular group of ppl. Folkways are norms that have become habitual/traditional in a society (tipping in the US). |
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Term
| Cultural Pluralism, subcultures, and reference groups |
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Definition
CP exists when multiple distinct cultures exist w/in same society after a process of accommodation.
Subcultures=smaller cultures w/in larger culture (have diff norms than that of larger culture they are a part of)
Reference groups=groups to which indiv aspire and compare themselves, and against which one evaluates one's own qualities. Man who considers himself wealthy may take up golf, not because he enjoys it, but because "it's the thing to do". |
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Term
| Dominant Culture and Ethnocentrism |
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Definition
DC=group whose norms, values, and behaviors are forced upon rest of society.
E=tendency to view one's own cultural patterns as superior and to judge ll others only as they relate to one's own (think: holocaust). |
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Definition
| idea that any part of a culture can only be understood in relation to the rest of it. |
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Term
| Progress, cultural lag, and diffusion |
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Definition
P=idea that progress is inevitable.
CL=created when a change in one part of society isn't immediately answered by corresponding changes in others (think of Amish not using electricity).
D=process by which technologial, political, and social innovations spread from society to society. |
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Definition
| Conscious adopting of cultural elements of a dominant group by a subordinate group. |
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Term
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Definition
Honeymoon - all good
Shock- becoming disoriented
Negotiation-tries to make new thing acceptable
acceptance- pros and cons are absorbed and reconciled.
ELL's need help with last two. |
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Term
| Convergent cultural evolution |
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Definition
different cultures develop similar cultural traits bc they live in similar environments (think: societies in tropical areas have been shown to independently adopt similar agricultural practices).
*Rural cultures place more emphasis on family unit, bc there are fewer ppl readily available to care for the young.
Often, students from distant regions will have more in common w/ new classmates than one would expect. |
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Term
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Definition
assertions that the potential for variation in human societies is unlimited, and that cultural forces can shape human nature into almost any form.
Greeks-barbarian
ELL teachers should be aware of deterministic effect of lang, but should avoid attributing superiority to any linguistic culture. |
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Term
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Definition
people who permmit/forbid intro of new elements of culture into society.
Think: DJs who pick which songs to play and what will ultimately become popular.
Interesting for ELL instruction as it suggests some students will be esp instrumental for encouraging their fellows. |
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Term
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Definition
elements of culture that are found in virtually every society.
Sports, cooking, courtship, dancing, family, games, language, music, religion. |
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Definition
| idea that there may be a dominant culture, but it doesn't try to eliminate others, and often looks to absorb useful elements from them. ELL classes should aspire to CP, bc it creates the most value for S. Can be explicitly encouraged by creating an inclusive learning environment in which S feel comfy sharing backgrounds/traditions. |
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Term
| Intra + Inter group differences |
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Definition
Intragroup- differences that exist within a particular cultural or linguistic community. think: Mexicans and Spaniards (both speak Spanish, can be very different!)
Intergroup- differences that exist between members of distinct cultural/linguistic communities. think: Haitians and Russian. Neither of these S share a culture or language. |
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Term
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Definition
Migrant- ppl who leave their home country ISO work.
Are often here illegally and may avoid speaking with teachers.
Often FBB bc freq. travel has constantly interrupted their education. May be unfamiliar with rituals of school, likely to have spent majority of lives in a small community, may be more shy about mixing with their new peers. |
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Definition
| Refugees have come to the US to escape religious, political, or other persecution. Passage is typically orchestrated by gov't. May be feeling quite isolated when they enter school. new climate/topography than they are accustomed to, psychological issues. Can be the most fragile type of student. Are typically familiar with formal education, but need time to adjust to other aspects of US lifestyles. |
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Term
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Definition
| May become bored with some of remedial elements of ELL instruction, and therefore alternative activities should be established for when the main part of the class is concentrated on learning basic aspects of life and education in the US. |
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Term
| Non-verbal communications and turn-taking habits |
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Definition
Make sure to recognize nonverbal elements of communication (proximity, eye contact, gestures, etc).
May have to teach turn-taking! |
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Definition
helpful activities:
lead activities that emphasize similarities btwn cultures (talk about holidays - special food, dances, songs) |
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Term
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Definition
set of values and norms that suggest that different races in a pluralistic society should learn to understand and appreciate the differences between them, rather than seeking to impose one style of life upon another.
Emphasizes inherent dignity in all human groups, seeks ways to harmonize relations w/o compromising any group's beliefs.
Some critics argue it prevents assimilation and integration. |
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Term
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Definition
A person's particular niche in society, has a set of expectations and norms that define how we should behave. Can hold multiple roles at the same time (father, son, teacher)
Culturally acknowledged roles help to provide a society with its basic structure. |
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Term
| Role Performance, impression management, studied nonobservance |
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Definition
Role Performance- the way ppl holding a role actually behave vs. how they are expected to behave.
Impression management- one's conscious manipulation of a role performance.
Studied nonobservance- term for when members of a society ignore lapses in one anothers role performance, in the interest of preserving harmony w/i society. |
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Term
| Role set, Role strain, role exit, Role taking |
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Definition
Role set- the full group of roles associated with any particular status (colleague-mentor, expert, friend, colleague)
Role strain- difficulty meeting the social obligations of a role.
Role exit- process of leaving a role that formerly had been integral to someone's personality (college student graduating)
Role taking- process whereby someone imagines himself in the role of another, tries to understand meaning of what the other is expressing (this is the first step twd enabling S to inhabit roles in both native culture and English culture. |
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Term
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Definition
process thru which indiv born into a society gradually become participating members. Involves learning the culture, social values and norms, learning to assume the behavior appropriate to a specific societal role.
Primary socialization- infant acquires rudiments of language from family. Family's reactions to his behavior form the behavioral habits he'll take into society at large.
Secondary socialization- indiv is trained to join a particular social group. Friends, media (TV), subordinate relations outside the parental unit (teachers).
Socialization is impossible without the active participation of the society, esp the family, education, and religious groups. Continues throughout life/is most crucial in childhood. For ELL's, transition to L2 culture is intense socialization! |
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Term
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Definition
Children are socialized in fundamentally different ways depending on social class.
Middle class- emphasize responsibility, self-control, curiosity about why things happen (self-direction + obeying internal standards as opposed to conformity and obeying external standards)
Working class- emphasize manners, neatness, honesty, obedience. |
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Term
| Anticipatory (de)socialization |
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Definition
Anticipatory socialization- when indiv begins to alter his beliefs/norms bc of expected socialization process he's about to undergo. (Think: college kid who dresses for the workplace before he gets a job). Some ELL's will do this.
Desocialization- process of casting off one version of self and one set of values, followed by resocialization into another set of values/norms.
We are constantly doing this! |
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Term
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Definition
| Development of a conscience. Refers to the condition whereby members of a society accept the norms of that society as correct, to the point they no long even think about them explicitly; is crucial for policing (most citizens simply feel it's wrong to steal). Genetics may be intertwined as norms promote survival and successful propagation of our species. |
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Term
| Differential socialization, Horizontal socialization, Vertical socialization |
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Definition
Differential socialization- the way members of the same society may develop markedly diff traits, depending on what role their society intends for them to assume later in life.
Horizontal socialization- fundamental difference in socialization, like the diff req'ts for doctors and teachers.
Vertical socialization- caused by variations in social status (wealthy vs poor) |
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Term
| Attachments, Investments, Involvements, Beliefs |
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Definition
Attachments- bonds formed btwn membrs of a society.
Investments- material and emotional costs a person expends in order to make his place in society, and secure the future rewards of participation in it. Learning English is an investment in the English-speaking culture.
Involvements- the amt of time spent engaged in nondeviant activities.
Beliefs- ideas about how members of a society should behave.
The development of involvements and beliefs will be a consequence of the formation of attachments and investments by S. |
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Term
| Patrilineality/Matrilineality |
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Definition
| Where you inherit your things (last name, culture etc.) From your dad vs your mom |
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Term
| Endogamy, Exogamy, Polygamy |
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Definition
Endogamy- forcing someone to marry w/i own group (religious, tribal, racial, national)
Exogamy- forcing someone to marry outside group
Polygamy- any marital group consisting of 1 man/woman and multiple spouses (Polyandry-multiple husbands)
(Polygyny-multiple wives) |
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Term
| Applying cultural knowledge |
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Definition
Most impt aspect of culture is concept of education. Africans/Asians used to passive learning - may not be used to expressing opinion or thinking creatively.
Instruction on basics of being a student may include note taking, adhering to a schedule, raising hand to talk. |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which the culture of the student overlaps with the culture of the school. |
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Term
| Cultural values in a classroom |
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Definition
| All students need cog/linguistic education, but also psycho-social and affective education. Also, need to receive professional and vocational skills so they can hold a job in the future. |
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Term
| Promoting Cultural diversity |
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Definition
Teachers are responsible for creating an effective learning environment by remaining sensitive to the cultural values of all students.
Sig. research has indicated the nature of a teacher's expectations for students has a direct relation to performance. S are more likely to take risks and experiment with new methods of study, set clear goals and work hard to achieve them. Low expectation=diminished self-confidence and makes failure more likely. |
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Term
| Structural considerations related to a multicultural classroom |
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Definition
| It's essential that the curriculum be as relevant as possible to the needs, interests, and environment of the S. It's common practice for the ELL curriculum to simply be a diluted version of the normal course of study-don't do that! |
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Term
| Basics of multicultural education |
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Definition
A specific program of curricula and instructional techniques designed to be inclusive of all racial/ethnic/religious/linquistic backgrounds. Program was developed to promote democracy by empowering the members of all demographics to become informed and participate in the community.
Pay attention to cultural similarities as well as differences! More than you think:) |
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Term
| 5 Dimensions of Multicultural Education |
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Definition
1)Content integration- diff subject matter is related to underscore similarities/differences between cultures.
2)Knowledge construction process- T focus on the ways S form ideas/opinions and try to remove any implicit bias.
3)Attention to prejudiced reactions-
4)Equity pedagogy-explicit attempt to create a level playing field for all minority groups
5)Multicultural educations-promotes school culture and social structure that is empowering to all students. |
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Term
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Definition
set of informal and implicit rules that a school teachers children in order to help them succeed both academically and socially; what a child needs to survive outside the family/larger social situation; self-discipline (learn to work together, get along, work quietly, tolerate frustration, follow orders from someone else).
Are essential to becoming productive members of the economic community. |
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Term
| Conservative vs. Liberal vs. Pluralist vs. Critical Multiculturalism |
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Definition
"Changing Multiculturalism" by Kincheloe + Steinberg.
Conservative- makes assumptions that are detrimental to S (assume that minorities are impoverished or culturally deprived); tend to emphasize standardized testing such as IQ or SATs, believe the status quo is equitable and shouldn't be changed; white culture is not considered as a particular form of human experience, but a standard by which all others are measured.
Liberal- well-intentioned but ultimately damaging attempt to help minorities. Assume all ppl are the same and any racial inequality exists due to lack of opportunity; "all ppl are responsible for themselves and playing field is level"
Pluralist- has become a predominant form of diversity education. Is critisized for making damaging assumptions, such as diversity has an intrinsic value, that a full curriculum will include coverage of other cultures as well as the prejudices that can be damaging to intercultural relations;ignores differences of class, creates situation where S are more likely to self-segregate.
Critical- Explicitly favored. discussion of cultural similarities/differences is merely one component of instruction re: social, institutional, and economic prejudices; justice is available for all but not always distributed evenly; different knowledge traditions must be explicitly discussed and approved w/in a school context; doesn't entirely criticize white culture but believes predominance of while male view should be called into question in the classroom; students should be encouraged to explore their own basis for knowledge and their constructed way of seeing the world. |
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