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• A plague that killed millions of Europeans
• From 1347 to 1350
• Outbreaks continued for the next hundred years
• Brought to Europe by the Mongols
• Caused instability in Europe
• Was particularly devastating to Europeans due the their vulnerability (famines, war, mal-nutrition) |
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• Biggest revolt of the time
• Caused by Aristocrats trying to lower wages of peasants and monarchy’s attempt to poll tax or a flat charge for each adult member on population
• Was in 1381
• Rebels burned houses of aristocrats, lawyers, and government officials
• King Richard accepted rebels demands
• Poll tax was then eliminated |
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• Actually a series of conflicts between France and England
• 1346-1453
• Caused by territory disputes, dispute to right of succession of the French throne
• English initially dominated, but were later pushed back by the French |
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• Rich merchant class in Florence
• Literally translates to “fat people”
• They had a dominant role in government |
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• Pope from 1294 – 1303
• When King Philip of France thought he was above the church, Boniface sent many letter (papalbulls) to him, telling him to stop.
• Philip ignored these letters and then Boniface excommunicated him with the Unam Sanctam
• Was captured by French soldiers and then freed by Italians
• The shock of this led to his death |
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• The residence of the popes 1305-77
• Close to France
• Some thought that popes were captives of the French
• People didn’t like this they would rather have the pope in Rome.
• Lead to a decline in the Popes prestige and power |
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• Started when cardinals were forced to choose and Italian pope
• Chose pope Urban VI
• Later cardinals who were forced to choose urban choose a new pope!
• Now two popes!
• People lost faith in the church because of this confusion |
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• Largest bank in Europe
• Most powerful in the 15th century
• Made huge profits
• Had a hand in government
• Collapsed due to bad leadership and bad loans |
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• An intellectual movement in the Renaissance, based upon the idea of every human has great potential. It also focused on studying the Greek and Roman classics.
• Humanists were supposed to live a life of solitude
• Help lead to the Renaissance |
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• During the Renaissance, humanists saw that they could use their knowledge in public office
• Lead by humanists who believed in using their study of humanism for the service of the state |
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| • Separation of church and state in govt. |
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• An expedition leader from Spain (1485-1547)
• Landed in central America
• Came in contact with the Aztecs
• Captured Tenochtitlan and then the rest of the Aztec empire
• Did so with little troops |
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• The Aztec Emperor
• At first trusted Cortes
• Welcomed him into his city
• Often has been called Montezuma
• Was held hostage by Cortes for many months
• Died of small pox |
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• A Spanish conquistador
• Went to south America
• Met Atahualpa (Incan Emperor) at Cajamarca
• Took Atahualpa hostage
• Called for a ransom, but still killed Atahualpa |
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• A European debater
• Said that the Europeans had the right to rule the Native Americans
• Compared them to animals and savages
• Said that is was European’s duty to civilize them and teach them Christianity |
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• A system instituted by the Spanish queen
• Says that Spanish could use the natives as workers as long as they treated the natives well
• Nobody followed the “treating well” part
• Because the queen was so far away she had no rule
• Natives basically ended up as slaves |
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• A Dominican missionary
• Saw the crimes against the natives by the Europeans
• Spoke out against them in his book “The Tears of the Indians”
• Debated for the Native’s rights against Sepulveda |
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• King of the Kongo
• Real name is Nzing Mbemba
• Ruled from 1506 – 1543
• Tried to institute Portuguese culture into the Kongo, it failed
• Converted to Christianity
• Was exploited by the Portuguese
• Eventually his power declined due to him trying to institute European culture |
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| • An economic theory that held that a nation’s prosperity depended on its supply of gold and silver(called bullion) and that the total value in the world was unchangeable. In order to grow it was at another’s expense. |
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| Christian Humanism+Erasmus |
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• A movement that thought that humans could improve themselves through education
• Was their goal to reform Christianity
• Erasmus was one of the most famous humanists
• He thought that church should return to its original simplicity
• Wandered throughout Europe |
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• A way of making money for the church
• People would pay to go to heaven and to release a soul from hell
• John Tetzel was a leader in selling indulgences
• Sold them to raise money to make the Saint Peter’s Basilica
• Martin Luther criticized this with his 95 theses |
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• Born in Germany November 10, 1483
• Father wanted him to be a lawyer
• Martin chose the path of a monk
• Saw the poor practices and corruption of the church
• Lead the reformation that divided the church
• In his church there was no pope and Sola Scriptura was practiced
• Published “The book of common prayer” and a translated version of the bible |
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| Transubstantiation vs Consubstantiation |
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• Transubstantiation: The Roman Catholic belief that during Eucharist the bread and wine miraculously transformed into Christ’s bread and body
• Consubstantiation: The belief of Martin Luther that the Holy Spirit came into the bread and wine during Eucharist, but it was still just bread and wine. |
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• The belief that Christians should only follow what is in the bible.
• If it is stated in the bible then it was right.
• An idea followed by Martin Luther |
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• One of the largest challenges to Luther
• Mid 1520s
• Caused by landlords in SW Germany abusing peasants
• Thomas Muntzer, a radical, exfollower of luther, lead the revolt.
• Luther called for the German princes to “smite, stab, and slay” the peasants
• Luther need the help of the princes to spread his ideas, it was a necessary sacrifice to keep his movement alive. |
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• He was the cause of the creation of the English Church
• Caused by his wife (Mary) not producing male babies
• The pope tells Henry that he can’t divorce
• Henry wants a male heir badly so he creates his own church, in which he can divorce Mary.
• Goes through 7 wives before a male heir is produced. |
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• Daughter of Ann Boleyn and Henry VIII
• Took power after her half-sister Elizabeth died
• Brought England to greatness by avoiding wars and using secret tactics
• Defeated the Spanish armada |
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• A second generation protestant reformer
• 1504-64
• Natively French
• Influenced by Martin Luther
• Created new church “Calvinism”
• Geneva, Switzerland was the fortress of his movement |
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• A council held in Trent (on the border between Germany and Italy
• Was held to fix the church’s problems
• Also held to meet to with protestant leaders
• Catholics were stubborn and did not compromise |
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| Ignatius of Loyola+Jesuits |
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• Ignatius of Loyola leader/founder of the Jesuits
• After being wounded in battle he went through a spiritual transformation
• Created a church (Jesuits) that was completely loyal to the papacy
• The Jesuits created highly disciplined schools
• Focused on spreading the word of god |
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• A movement throughout all of Europe in the 18th century
• Allowed by increased travel, the scientific revolution and a new skepticism.
• Focused of rationality and science
• Was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals |
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• Before the enlightenment
• New science was created and studied
• Allowed by the discovery of old texts and advances in mathematics
• Caused by the need for technological advances (warfare, naval, navigation, etc.) |
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• Caused by an increase of travel
• The study of other civilizations and their culture
• People excepted other culture for what they were, they did not try to change them
• Especially Chinese
• Intellectuals saw natives of Tahiti, who were happier the than the Europeans, called them the image of “natural men” |
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• The idea that the sovereign power or ultimate authority was in the hands king
• The monarch had rule over everything
• An example of this is with Louis XIV |
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• The idea that rulers were appointed by god
• The rulers answered to no one but god
• Very related to absolutism |
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• Louis XIII’s chief minister
• 1624-1642
• Helped eliminate the political and military rights of the Huguenots
• Intendants were people sent by him to enforce his laws |
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• Ruler After the death of Cardinal Mazarin, his aid when he was young
• Originally wild, but became a determined ruler
• Created a centralized state
• Spent tons of money on his palace |
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• Son of James I
• Parliament passed petition of rights to him, limiting his power
• Tried to collect taxes without parliament’s approval
• Married to Henrietta Maria who was catholic, which has bad for him because the English do not like Catholics |
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• Leader of the extreme puritans
• Took over England during civil war
• Faced much opposition from England, Ireland, and Scotland
• Had much difficulty working with Parliament |
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• Parliament is unhappy with James II (catholic)
• Parliament invites William of Orange (Netherlands) and his wife Mary (James’ son) to invade
• They invade England with no blood shed! First time ever!
• James runs away
• Sign parliament’s Bill of Rights |
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