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| refers to heredity, the influence of inherited characteristics on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions. |
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| refers to the influence of the environment on all of those same things and includes parenting styles, physical surroundings, economic factors, and anything that can have an influence on development that does not come from within the person. |
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| is the science of heredity. Understanding how genes transmit human characteristics and traits involves defining a few basic terms. |
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| Twenty-three of these chromosomes come from the mother’s egg and the other 23 from the father’s sperm. |
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| is a form of intellectual disability caused by an extra chromosome 21. |
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| The three periods of pregnancy |
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| are the germinal period, lasting about 2 weeks, the embryonic period, from about 2 to 8 weeks, and the fetal period, which lasts from 8 weeks until the end of pregnancy. |
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| Alcohol Fetal alcohol syndrome |
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Definition
| intellectual disability, delayed growth, facial malformation), learning difficulties, smaller than normal heads Nicotine Miscarriage, low birth weight, stillbirth, short stature, intellectual disability, learning disabilities |
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| The least functional sense at birth |
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| From birth, newborns seem most responsive to high pitches, as in a woman’s voice, and low pitches, as in a man’s voice. |
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Term
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operations
Formal Operations |
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Definition
| Sensorimotor Birth to 2 years old Children explore the world using their senses and ability to move. They develop object permanence and the understanding that concepts and mental images represent objects, people, and events. Preoperational 2 to 7 years old Young children can mentally represent and refer to objects and events with words or pictures and they can pretend. However, they can’t conserve, logically reason, or simultaneously consider many characteristics of an object. Concrete Operations 7 to 12 years old Children at this stage are able to conserve, reverse their thinking, and classify objects in terms of their many characteristics. They can also think logically and understand analogies but only about concrete events. Formal Operations 12 years old to adulthood People at this stage can use abstract reasoning about hypothetical events or situations, think about logical possibilities, use abstract analogies, and systematically examine and test hypotheses. Not everyone can eventually reason in all these ways. |
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| The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called |
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| Use it or lose it” is the phrase to remember |
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| . Reading, having an active social life, going to plays, taking classes, and staying physically active can all have a positive impact on the continued well-being of the brain |
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| changing one’s own behavior to more closely match the actions of others |
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| occurs when people within a group feel it is more important to maintain the group’s cohesiveness than to consider the facts realistically |
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| exist in people’s susceptibility to these techniques. For the foot-in-the door technique in particular, research has shown that people in individualist cultures (such as the United States) are more likely to comply with the second request than are people in collectivist cultures (such as Japan). |
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| focuses on the ways in which people think about other people and how those cognitions influence behavior toward those other people. In this section, we’ll concentrate on how we perceive others and form our first impressions of them, as well as how we explain the behavior of others and ourselves. |
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| a belief that a set of characteristics is shared by all members of a particular social category |
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| When a person holds an unsupported and often negative stereotyped attitude about the members of a particular social group |
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| When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than others in situations that call for equal treatment |
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| is a person or a group, typically a member or members of an out-group, who serves as the target for the frustrations and negative emotions of members of the in-group. |
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| refers to the feelings of closeness that one has for another person or the sense of having close emotional ties to another. Intimacy in this sense is not physical but psychological. |
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| Passion refers to the emotional and sexual arousal a person feels toward the other person. Passion is not simply sex; holding hands, loving looks, and hugs can all be forms of passion |
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| does have an impact on aggressive behavior |
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| is the unique way in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels throughout life |
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| which refers to value judgments made about a person’s morals or ethical behavior; |
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| psychodynamic perspective |
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Definition
| had its beginnings in the work of Sigmund Freud and still exists today |
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| perspective is based on the theories of learning |
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| focuses on the role of each person’s conscious life experiences and choices in personality development |
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| more concern with the end result |
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| Freud essentially believed that boys develop both sexual attraction to their mothers and jealousy of their fathers during this stage |
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| warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from the significant others |
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Definition
1. Individualism/collectivism.
2. Power distance:
3. Masculinity/femininity:
4. Uncertainty avoidance: |
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