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| Are believes about what is true and factual about the world also called factual or descriptive |
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| involves finding truth by making observations .relevant examples, controlled experiments, |
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| from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion the process of inferring a conclusion by putting forth true premises in a valid format |
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| formal patterns are used to reveal the logic of our reasoning |
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| An argument structured in a correct deductive format, an argument structured in such a way that its premises are true |
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| a valid deductive argument whose premises are true |
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| a deductive argument usually consisting of two premises and a conclusion |
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| the statement syllogism that sets forth a general principle.The major premise contains the term that is predicate of the conclusion |
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| the statement in a syllogism that expresses an instance of the principle set out in the major premise. The minor premise contains the term that is the subject in the conclusion |
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| in deductive reasoning the inference drawn from the major and minor premises of a syllogism |
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| A statement in which members of one class are said to be included in another class. The statement may be used as the major premise of a syllogis |
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| in deductive reasoning,a syllogism whose major premise asserts that if the condition cited in the first part of a statement is true then the claim cited in the second part of the statement will follow |
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| A valid conditional hypothetical syllogism in which the antecedent is affirmed |
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| presents a condition or a possibility so that a valid conclusion a can follow then that condition is formed into a denial |
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| a valid conditional /hypothetical syllogism in which the consequent is denied |
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| a form of argument that builds and depends on a series of conditions being met |
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| a hypothetical syllogism in which two possibilities are given in the major premise and one is assumed to be necessrily true |
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| a valid syllogism that seeks to logically rule out various possibilities until only one single possibility remains |
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| A syllogism with a key part or parts implied rather that directly stated |
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| evidence offered to prove a (claim any kind) |
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| classifying people, places, or things according to common traits |
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| the premise of a deduction argument that is under dispute. This is also called the contentous premise |
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| often called inductive reasoning,the process of drawing generalizations from known facts or research to give strength and support to conclusion |
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| data collected by polling and research studies that can be used to make statistical generalizations |
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| statistical generaliations |
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| inferences drawn from statistical evidence that are used to give strength to inductive arguements |
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| The specific question that a researcher seeks to answer concerning a given population |
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| the group about which a researcher wishes to generalize |
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| members of the target population who are studied by a researcher |
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| a quality of research sample in which the sample has the same significant characteristics in the same porportion as the target population |
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| a sample that does not reflect a random representative population.A biased sample does not provide adequate evidence to support a conclusion |
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| a condition that allows every member of a target population to have an equal chance of being chosen as part of the sample |
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| they state that a particular factor is responsible for a specific effect. these generalizations are used to strengthen inductive arguments |
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| a condition, state of affair ,thing, or process, that must be present if a particular effect is present, if the necessary condition absent then the affect cannot occur |
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| a condition that automatically leads to the production of another event. if the condition is present then the effect will defintnetly occur |
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| a combination of causes that are presumed to lead to a specific effect |
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| a casual factor that immediately procede the effect |
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| factors or conditions that lead up to but did not immediately proceed the effect |
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| a theory of causation postulating that the cause of an effect is found by noting |
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| A theory of causation postulating that the cause of an effect is found by noting that the only difference between the event happening or not happening is weather one element |
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