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| errors in reasoning. can be seen as 1. reasons that seem logical but dont necessarily support the conclusion or 2. statements that distract listeners from the real issue. |
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| comparison of one situation or idea to another that disregards significant differences that make the comparison invalid. |
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| false cause (post hoc ergo propter) |
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| a fallacy that occurs when there is no real proof that one event caused another event, there is only evidence that one event came from another event. |
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| a relationship or connection between two objects or events. Noting a correlation is sometimes the first step in exploring causation, but it does not equal causation. |
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| a connection between two events in which it is established that one event caused the other. |
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| a fallacy that occurs when serious consequences of a potential action or policy are predicted and not substantiated by evidence. |
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| a fallacy in which an opponents argument is distorted or exaggerated and then more easily attacked. |
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| a fallacy in which a generalization is drawn from a small and thus inadequate sample of information. |
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| a process whereby an expectation becomes a reality. |
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Term
| false dilemma (either- or- fallacy) |
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Definition
| a error in reasoning that occurs when one polarizes a situation by presenting only two alternatives, at two extremes of the spectrum of possibilities. |
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| a fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer assumes what needs to be proven. |
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| a fallacy in which reasons offered to support conclusions lead the listener away from the issue under consideration. |
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Term
| ad hominem (attacking the person) |
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Definition
| a latin term meaning "to the man" or attacking the person. Ad hominem occurs when a person is attacked on a personal quality that is irrelevant quality that is irrelevant to the issue under discussion. |
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Definition
| a fallacy that is used to excuse bad behavior the fallacy occurs when someone rationalizes that one persons or one groups action is justified because some other persons or groups action is just as bad or worse. |
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Definition
| a fallacy that is committed when someone denies a claim because they believe the speaker who is making the claim is hypocritical. |
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| a fallacy that consists of a false appeal to the authority of "everyone". this fallacy is based on the assumption that a course if action should be taken or an idea should be supported because "everyone" is doing it or believes it. |
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Definition
| a fallacy that occurs when a belief or action is supported on the ground that it conforms to traditional ideas or practices. |
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Term
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Definition
| a logical fallacy that occurs when someone argues that others should follow a course of action or hold a certain belief for no other reason than that they should feel compassion for the irrelevant claims or irresponsibility of the speaker. |
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