Term
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Definition
| infections that occur when opportunistic pathogens that were kept in check by the "normal" bacteria have the opportunity to invade tissues and cause infections because the normal flora bacteria have been destroyed by antibiotic therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| a sensitivity to one substance that predisposes an individual to sensitivity to other substances that are related in chemical structure. Cross sensitivity with allergic reactions may develop between antibiotics of similar chemical structures. |
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Term
Cross-sensitivity
PNC (Penicillan)
Cephalosporins |
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Definition
| One of the classic examples of cross sensitivity is penicillin. Those allergic to penicillin must not take certain antibiotics for fear of provoking a life-threatening reaction. These medications include but are not limited to amoxicillin, augmentin, which contains amoxicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, and others. Sometimes, people allergic to penicillin also have allergic reactions to antibiotics called cephalosporins, though new research on this suggests that the likelihood of reaction is about 10%. Cephalosporins include the medications Keflex® and Ceclor®. |
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Term
| Broad Spectrum Antibiotics |
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Definition
| If patients are too sick to wait for lab results or source of infection is not identifiable they can use a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria against anaerobic bacteria. Antibiotics that interfere with a biochemical reaction common to many organisms. These drugs are often given at the beginning of treatment until the exact organism and sensitivity can be established. Because theses antibiotics have such a wide range of effects, they are frequently associated with adverse effects. |
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Term
| Narrow Spectrum Anti-infectives |
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Definition
| Have a small group of pathogens against which they are effective. Only effective against a few microorganisms and have a very specific metabolic pathway or enzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of pathogens, over time, to adapt to an antiinfective and produce cells that are no longer affected by a particular drug |
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Term
| Resistance (what drugs were developed as a result of this? ) |
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Definition
Penicillinase-resistant
antibiotics |
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Term
Penicillinase-resistant
antibiotics |
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Definition
| Some strains of bacteria that were once controlled by penicillin now produce an enzyme called penicillinae, which inactivates penicillin before it can affect the bacteria. |
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Term
| Know the signs & symptoms of infection |
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Definition
| Fever, Lethargy, inflammation (Redness, Edema, Heat, Pain) |
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Term
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Definition
BUN & Creatinine
CBC
Peak and Trough |
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Term
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Definition
| Monitor Renal and hepatic function |
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Term
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Definition
| Renal and Hepatic function |
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Term
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Definition
| Renal and Hepatic function |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Culture & sensitivity (know what it is and how it is used in antibiotic treatment) |
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Definition
Important to determine the type and the extent of many infections.
Identify the causal pathogen the most appropriate drug for treating the infection. Determines what antibiotic needs to be used, but if needed quicker they will just use a broad spectrum antibiotic.
Sensitivity-what is the bacteria sensitive to?
Resistance- What antibiotics is the bacteria resistant to? |
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Term
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Definition
| is a poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic chemicals and medication, on the kidneys. Due to frequent metabolism. Advise patients to stay well hydrated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ear, is damage to the ear (oto-), specifically the cochlea or auditory nerve and sometimes the vestibular system, by a toxin. |
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Term
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Definition
Very common with many of the anti-infectives. Causes nausea, vomiting, stomach upset, or diarrhea, and such effects are sometimes severe.
some evidence shows that the death of a microorganism releases chemicals and toxins into the body, which can stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger one in the medulla and induce nausea an vomiting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve tissue, usually in areas where drugs tend to accumulate in high concentrations. |
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Term
| Know lifespan considerations children |
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Definition
Children-use with caution. Early use can lead to early sensitivity.
Controversial-use of anti-infectives results in resistant strains (some believe) Children are susceptible to GI and Nervous system effects, monitor hydration and nutritional status carefully. |
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Term
Know lifespan considerations
Adults |
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Definition
Adults want these for quick fix.
Allergies and emergence of resistant strains can be a big problem with this group. Pregnant and nursing women must exercise extreme caution in the use of anti-infectives. Many o them can affect the fetus and also cross into breast milk, leading to toxic effects in the neonate |
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Term
| Know lifespan considerations Older Adults |
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Definition
Do not present with the same signs and symptoms of infection that are seen in younger people. Culture and sensitivity tests are important to determine the type and extent of many infections.
Older patient more susceptible to GI, renal, neurological effects that must be monitored for nutritional status and hydration during drug therapy.
They can adversely affect the liver and kidneys must be used with caution in older patients, who may have decreased organ function |
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Term
| Know which classifications of antibiotics if used especially in children can interfere with bones, cartilage, & teeth. |
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Definition
Tetracyclines (effects on growing bones and teeth)
Fluoroquinolones (damage to developing cartilage) |
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Term
| Amnioglycosides Adverse Effects |
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Definition
Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
Oto- irreversible deafness, vestibular paralysis (effects on auditory nerve) confusion, depression, disorientation, numbness, tingling, and weakness. Renal toxicity, Bone marrow depression
GI-Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Weight loss, Stomatitis, and hepatic toxicity. |
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Term
| Carbapenems Adverse Effects |
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Definition
Toxic effects on GI tract
Clostridium Difficle diarrhea, and nausea and vomiting can lead to serious dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Superinfections can occur with any of the carabapenems.
Headache, dizziness, and altered mental state. Seizures have been reported. |
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Term
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Definition
GI-nausea, vom, diarr, anorexia, abdominal pain and flatulence.
Pseudomembranous colitis-a potentially dangerous disorder
Look for blood in stool
Headache, dizziness, lethargy, and paresthesias. Nephrotoxicity
Superinfections |
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Term
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Definition
HEADACHE, DIZZINESS, INSOMNIA, DEPRESSION
GI-Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth. Black Box-tendinitis and tendon rupture. (risk increased with patients over 60)
Bone marrow depression
Fever, rash, PHOTOSENSITIVITY, skin reactions. (Advise patients to avoid sun and ultra violet light exposure) |
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Term
| Penicillins and penicillinase resistant antibiotis AE |
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Definition
| The major adverse effects of penicillin therapy involve the GI tract. NAUSEA, VOMITING, DIARRHEA, ABDOMINAL PAIN, GLOSSITIS, STOMATITIS, GASTRITIS, SORE MOUTH, FURRY TONGUE. Superinfections (Yeast) Loss of normal flora bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
GI-Nausea, vomiting diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia, stomatitis, hepatic injury
Renal effects
hematuria, proteinuria, crustaluria
headaches, dizziness, ccertigo, convulsions, depression
Bone marrow depression
photosensitivity |
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Term
| Macrolides Adverse effects |
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Definition
Low toxicity with few adverse effects
GI, Neuro, Hepatic |
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Term
| Know important patient teaching for antibiotic therapy |
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Definition
When and how to take the drug (food and hydration)
Adverse effects to watch for while taking the drug
always complete full course of medication
Antibiotics will decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives
any other drug interactions to be aware with prescribed or OTC |
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Term
Aminoglycosides
assessment |
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Definition
Allergy
Renal or hepatic disease
Preexisting hearing loss
active infection with herpes
Vaccinia, Varicella, or fnugal or mycobacterial organisms
Myasthenia gravis
Parkinsonism
Infant botulism
Pregnancy and Lac
Perform Culture and Sensitivity
Orientation\Reflex\Auditory
Vitals |
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Term
Aminoglycosides
Implementation |
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Definition
Check culture sensitivity reports (Ensure drug of choice)
Ensure patient gets full course
Monitor the infection site and presenting signs and symptoms throughout the course of drug therapy
Monitor for signs of nephrotoxicitty, neurotoxiciity, and bone marrow suppression
Provide safety (CNS)
Provide small frequent meals, mouth care, ice chips or candy (stomatitis and sore mouth problems)
Provide fluids |
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Term
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Definition
Change position slowly (CNS)
Drink fluids (Even though nausea, vommiting, and diarrhea may occur)
Avoid exposure to other infections
Report difficulty breathing, severe headache, loss of hearing or ringing in the ears, change in urine output |
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Term
Aminoglycosides
Evaluation |
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Definition
P response to drug
Adverse effects (Orientation and affect, hearing, bone marrow hep. and renal dys, GI)
Evaluate effect of teaching plan |
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Term
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Definition
Allergy (to any cephalosporin, penicillin, or any other allergens)
Renal Disease
Preg and Lac
Physical Assess (Baseline)
Skin
C&S
Renal function test |
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Term
Cephalosporins
Implementation |
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Definition
C&S reports
REnal function test before and periodically
Monitor infection site
Arrange to continue drug therapy 2 days after S&S
Provide smal frequent meals (mouth care)
Provide fluids
Monitor for signs of superinfection
Monitor injection sites regularly
Initiate Safety (CNS) |
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Term
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Definition
Safety precautions
Changing position\avoid driving
drink fluids
Report difficulty breathing, severe headache, severe diarrhea, dizziness, or weakness
-avoid alcoholic beverages |
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Term
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Definition
Monitor patient response
Monitor for adverse effects (orientation and effect, renal toxicity, hepatic dys; GI effects; local irritation, phlebitis at injection site)
Evaluate effectiveness of teaching plan
Monitor effetiveness of comfort and safety levels |
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Term
Fluoroquinolones
Assessment |
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Definition
Allergy to any fluoroquinolone, history of renal disease, pre or lac
Baseline
Skin
C&S
Orientation, affect, and reflexes
Renal function test |
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Term
Fluoroquinolones
Implementation |
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Definition
C&S
Renal function test
p receives full course
Monitor site of infection and presenting signs and symptoms
provide small\frequent meals (Mouth care)
Safety (CNS)
Fluids |
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Term
Fluoroquinolones
Patient Teaching |
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Definition
Safety-CNS
Fluids
Avoid AULTRAVIOLET LIGHT AND SUN EXPOSURE, use protective lothing and sunscreens
Report difficulty breathing, severe headache, severe diarrhea, severe skin rash, fainting spells, and heart palpitations, tendon pain or weakness |
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Term
Fluoroquinolones
Evaluation |
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Definition
Monitor patient response to the drug
Adverse effects (orientation and affect, GI, photosensitivity)
Evaluate effectiveness of teaching plan, and comfort and safety measures |
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Term
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Definition
allergy to any cephalosporins, pencillins, or other allergens
Renal disease
Preg or Lac
Baseline
Skin
Mucous membranes
C&S
Note repsiratory (baseline)
Examine abdomen (AE)
renal function test |
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Term
Penicillins
Implementation |
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Definition
C&S
Renal function tests
Patient receives the full course of the penicillin prescried
Explain STORAGE REQUIREMENTS for suspensions and importance of completeing prescribed therapuetic course
Monitor the site of infections (2 day thing too)
Small, frequent meals (mouth**)
Fluids
Signs of Superinfection |
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Term
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Definition
Try to drink lots of fluids! (Despite N, V, D)
Report difficulty breathing, severe headache, severe diarrhea, dizziness, weakness, mouth sores, and vaginal itching or sores |
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Term
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Definition
Patient response
AE (GI effects, local irritation, phlebitis at injection and IV site, superinfectins)
Evaluate effectiveness of teaching plan, and comfort and safety measures |
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Term
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Definition
Allergy to sulfonamide, sulfonylurease, or thiazide diuretic
Renal disease
Preg and Lac
Baseline
Skin
Muscous membranes
C&S
Note respiratory status
Orientation, affect, and reflexes
Monitor Renal test findings |
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Term
Sulfonamides
Implementation |
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Definition
c&s
Renal Function Test
Ensure patient receives the full course
ADMINISTER ORAL DRUG on an empry stomach 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals with a full glass of water
Discontinue immedi. if hypersensitivity reaction occur
Small frequent meals
Monitor CbC and urinalysis test results before and periodically |
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Term
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Definition
Avoid driving or operating dangerous machinery because dizziness, lethargy, ataxia
Fluids
Difficulty breathing, rash, ringing in ears, fever, sore throat, or blood in the urine |
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Term
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Definition
Monitor patient response
AE (GI Effects, CNS effects, rash, and crystalluria)
Evaluate the effectiveness of teaching and comfort and safety levels |
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Term
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Definition
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