• Interpersonal arguments involve conflict and usually aren't constructive, while
• Argument in groups:
• Promotes understanding
• Promotes critical thinking
• Enhances Persuasion
• Avoids Groupthink
• Improves Group Decision Making

• Majority Opinion - Opinion held by the majority of the group.
• Minority Opinion - Opinions not accepted by the majority.

• Argument - A claim supported by evidence or reasons for accepting it.
• Argumentation - The way in which group members advocate their own positiions, examine competing ideas, and influence other members.

• Listen to the argument
• State the claim you oppose
• Give an overview of your objections
• Assess the evidence
• Assess the reasoning
• Summarize your refutation

• Research responsibility
• Do not distort information
• Do not suppress important information
• Never fabricate or make up information
• Reveal the sources of information so that others can evaluate them
• Common good responsibility
• Consider the interests of those affected by the decision
• Promote the group's goal as more important than winning an argument
• Reasoning responsibility
• Do not misrepresent the views of others
• Use sound reasoning supported by evidence
• Avoid making arguments containing fallacies
• Social code responsibility
• Treat other group members as equals
• Give everyone, including those who disagree, the opportunity to respond to an argument
• Do not insult or attack the character of a group member
• Give the group an opportunity to review the evidence
• Respect established group norms

A process of reasoned interaction... intended to help participants and audiences make the best assessments or the best decisions in any given situation.

Cooperative arguers focus on the group's shared goal of solving a problem or making the best decision.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Concepts

• Satisfiers - Most basic needs: Physiological and safety needs.
• Motivators - Higher-level needs: Belongingness needs is obvious.  Can also motivate group members by satisfying their esteem needs.

Schutz's Theory of

Interpersonal Needs

This theory does more than explain why members participate in groups.  It also provides some of the toold needed to motivate individual group members.

• 3 interpersonal needs that affect why we work in groups:
• Need for inclusion
• Need for control
• Need for affection 

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

List of Needs

Esteem Needs

Belongingness Needs

Safety Needs

Physiological Needs

Probability of motivated behavior depends on the value of the goal to the individual and the expectation of obtaining the goal.

• Claims that motivation is a function of 3 perceptions:
• Expectancy - Probability that the effort will produce a desired outcome.
• Instrumentality - Whether achieving a desired result will result in a reward or benefit.
• Valence - The value you place on the reward. 

How to motivate both Extroverts & Introverts

Motivating different personality types

Why do Introverts need to be provided with meeting agendas well in advance?

Motivating different personality types

Why do Extroverts need to be provided with meeting agendas well in advance?

Motivating different personality types

Why does motivating sensors require respect?

Motivating different personality types

Why does motivating intuitives require respect?

Motivating different personality types

How to handle Sensors and Intuitives during discussion

Motivating different personality types

• Give sensors uninterrupted time to share relevant information.

• Then, let the intuitives "loose" to use that information as a springboard for new ideas or innovative solutions. 

What does it mean to say motivating thinkers requires a balance between task and social dimensions?

Motivating different personality types

What does it mean to say motivating feelers requires a balance between task and social dimensions?

Motivating different personality types

Why does motivating Judgers require patience, skill, and balance?

Motivating different personality types

• Judgers may see perceivers as flaky and undisciplined.

• You can motivate judgers by assuring them that a decision will be made and will include a detailed implementation plan.

Why does motivating Perceivers requre patience, skill, and balance?

Motivating different personality types

• Perceivers may see their judging colleagues as rigid and intolerant.

•  You can motivate perceivers by assuring them that they will be given opportunities to reconsider decisions and make midcourse adjustments if needed.

Extrinsic rewards come from the "external environment in which we live."

They include both the money we earn and the benefits and perks that come with the job.

An Intrinsic Reward is "anything that is satisfying and energizing in itself."

i.e. Completing a challenging project that encouraged personal growth can provide intrinsic rewards.

Generally speaking, which type of reward is more motivating?

Extrinsic Rewards

or

Intrinsic Rewards

In most groups, intrinsic rewards have more power than do extrinsic rewards.

Extrinsic rewards do not motivate groups to work together in pursuit of a shared goal.  They do not appeal to members' passions, nor do they demand much of members; collective intelligence and expertise.