Name and describe the five things affecting feed consumption

Palatability- Degree of acceptability of a feed or feedstuff to the taste or the degree of its acceptability to be eaten by the animal

Taste- sweet, sour, salty, bitter

Odor- produced by volatile compounds, may serve as an attraction but might not influence consumption

Sight- orientation and location of food

Texture- physical factors

Describe and define palatability

Degree of acceptability of a feed or feedstuff to the taste or the degree of its acceptability to be eaten by the animal, involves appearance, taste, odor, temperature, texture

What is the Jacobson’s organ?

A group of sensory cells in the main nasal chamber used for olfaction in reptiles, amphibians and mammals

  Which species has the highest number of taste buds?  Lowest?

Highest- cattle lowest- chicken

 Define appetite

Desire of animal to eat

 Define satiety

Lack of desire to eat

Define hunger

Physiological state that results from deprivation of feed of a general or specific type

 Name two ways feed intake is controlled

External- environment, sensory information, diet composition internal- metabolic, hormones

Describe the intrinsic/extrinsic factors affecting long-term control

lactation, estrus, nitrogen, energy status, temperature, humidity, season, photoperiod

Define photoperiod

seasonal changes which affects pineal gland (pineal gland secretes melatonin, responsible for regulating the sleep/wake cycle)

Where are the hunger and satiety centers located?

hypothalamus

 How does the effect of glucose differ in the ruminant from the nonruminant?

In non-ruminants, when glucose is low, hunger increases. In ruminants, glucose level has little effect on feed intake

Describe and explain the factors that influence food intake

Olfaction (smell), taste, temperature, and amount of water consumed control food intake. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland (in the brain) controls energy balance. Acetate and lactate reduces meal size. Proprionate reduces food intake

  Define feeding standards

The amounts of nutrients required by animals

 When is an animal in state of maintenance?

when its body composition remains constant, when it does not give rise to any product such as milk, and when it does not perform any work on its environment

  Define growth

Increase in body weight

 What three things occurs as an animal grows?

Quality of diet increases as they eat non-milk sources, digestibility is lower, dry matter used less efficiently

 What is colostrum?

Large supply of proteins, antibodies, vitamins and minerals

  Define work

Increased in energy demand in proportion to the work done and efficiency with which it is accomplished

  Describe how energy needs change with pregnancy and lactation

Increase in 3^rd trimester, Calcium Phosphorus , minerals, vitamins, and protein is critical to fetal development, Heavy lactation results in more nutritional stress than any other productive function (except for heavy work).

  What are feedstuffs?

Any component of a diet that serves a useful function

  Describe forages and the factors affecting forage composition

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Primary feed for herbivores, Stage of maturity, Fertilization, Harvest and storage methods

 Name and describe the types of pastures and grazed forages

Grasses- most important to humans, palatable when immature, can grow in most environments which herbivores can survive, nutrients sufficient for animals on yearly basis

Legumes- alfalfa most common, high yield, perennial, high palatability, high nutrient content

Forbs- herbaceous flowering plant other than grass

  Name and describe the harvested dry forages

Hay- Come from grasses or legumes, Grown and harvested for animal use

Straws and Chaff- Comes from small cereal grains (wheat, barely, rye, rice, oats)

Straw- consists of stems and variable amounts of leaves of plants that remain after the removal of the seeks

Chaff- consists of the small particles removed from the seed head along with limited amount of small or broken grains

Name and describe the harvested high-moisture forages

Green Chop (Soilage)- Herbage that has been cut and chopped in the field and then fed to livestock in confinement

Silage- Silage is pasture grass that has been ‘pickled’. It is a method used to preserve the pasture for cows and sheep to eat later when natural pasture isn’t good, like in the dry season.

Corn- Very palatable, High DE (digestible energy), Low in digestible protein

   What are feed additives used for?

to enhance the effectiveness of nutrients and exert their effects in the gut or on the gut wall cells.

   Describe how antibiotics benefit the animal?

Fight off bacteria, reduce specific bacteria in gut and increase efficiency of nutrient utilization

 What concerns can feeding antibiotics to animals have?  What is being done?

There is concern that if such bacteria gain resistance to this antibiotic,then the disease becomes untreatable. For this reason, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters has been curtailed by legislation in recent years, and in the EU the use of antibiotics as growth promoters is no longer permitted.

What are probiotics?

A probiotic is defined as a live microbial food supplement that beneficially affects the host animal by improving the intestinal microbial balance