What are minerals?

found in skeleton and teeth. Plays a role in nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting. Calcium deficiencies can cause rickets, a disease of the bony growth plate. A common causes are dietary insufficiencies of phosphorus or vitamin D, can occur naturally, but poorly balanced diets deficient in calcium have been known to cause the disease. Can also cause osteomalacia, or adult rickets, seen in mature bones and associated with the disruption of normal bone remodeling. Rickets and osteomalacia can be seen in the same animal because bones mature at different rates. Parturient paresis, or milk fever, is when a cow has low calcium after calving. The secretion of calcium into production of colostrum and milk in the early stages of lactation causes a decline in serum calcium levels. This causes hyper excitability of the nervous system and reduced strength of muscle contractions resulting in tetany and paresis. 

found in bone, phospholipid bilayer and ATP. Exists mainly as phytic acid in cereal grains and oil seed extract. Phytic acid reduces the solubility and digestibility of phosphorous calcium etc. and leads to various deleterious physiological cascades that follow. Phytase are enzymes that catalyze the release of phosphate from phytate (only found in ruminants) . Non-ruminants must be supplemented with phosphorous to compete with phytate. One deficiency is pica where animals have a craving for unusual foods such as wood and other materials. 

required for cell respiration (ATP creation), heart function. Magnesium is a co-factor of enzymes involved in nutrient metabolism. One deficiency is grasstetany. This disorder occurs after a decrease in plasma MG concentration when absorption of dietary MG is unable to meet the requirements for maintenance and lactation. 

They are electrolytes. All three are considered together since they are instrumental and acid based balance.  Maintaining optimal PH in cells is crucial. K deficiency occurs in areas of the world where soil K levels are naturally low. Na deficiency occurs mainly in tropical areas where pastures contain very low concentrations of sodium. It lowers osmotic pressure which results in dehydration. NaCl deficiency – animals are fed salt. 

Found in amino acids methionine and cysteine. It’s found in vitamins, biotin, and thiamin and found in polysaccharides chondroitin sulfate and heparin. A deficiency in sulfur is usually linked in a deficiency in protein. PEM is a neurological disease of ruminants and has been associated with two types of dietary risks which are altered thiamin status and high sulfur intake.    

 What hormones are involved in calcium balance?

Calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

Describe phytic acid and phytate

Phytic acid is present in cereal and legume seeds primarily as the ca-mg salt called phytin. It’s the principal storage form of phosphorous in plant material. It reduces solubility and digestibility of phosphorous, calcium, etc. Phytates are compounds that may bind phosphorous and reduce its absorption from the GI tract.

 What is the difference between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes?

Nonelectrolytes do not dissociate in water, no charged particles are created. Electrolytes dissociate into ions in water. Ions conduct electrical current, greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.

  What does ICF stand for?  What does ECF stand for?

I

Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

   What are ions?  What is a cation?  What an anion?

Ions – atoms with a positive or negative charge. Cation – an ion with a positive charge. Anion – an ion with a negative charge.

  What major cations and anions are found inside the cell?  Outside the cell?

Intracellular – potassium, phosphate ion, magnesium.   Extracellular – sodium, chloride, calcium

 What hormones help regulate sodium balance?

Aldosterone, ADH, ANP

 What hormone helps regulate potassium balance?

Aldosterone

  What does DCAD stand for?

Dietary cation – anion difference

required for vitamin B12, co-factors for enzymes involved in DNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism. Deficiency – signs include reduced appetite anemia and scaly ears. Treated by orally administrated cobalt oxide and iron pellets.    

found in the thyroid gland. Deficiency – hypothyroidism, impaired production and secretion of the thyroid hormones result in a decreased metabolic rate.    

found in hemoglobin and myoglobin. Deficiency – leads to anemia where red blood cells do not develop, as they should. 

  Describe the thyroid hormones and where they are released from

TSH released by hypothalamus triggers the release of T3 and T4. Hypothalamus releases TRH, pituitary gland releases TSH.

 T3 and T4 are collectively called what?

Thyroxine