Term
| What is the cell life cycle? |
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Definition
| interphase and cell division |
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Term
| What are the phases of interphase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in the G1 phase of interphase? |
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Definition
| synthesis of proteins and centriole replication |
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Term
| What happens in the S phase of interphase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in the G2 phase of interphase? |
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Definition
| synthesis of machinery necessary for cell division and the centrioles completely "mature" |
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Term
| What happens if a cell does not proceed to cell division? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during DNA replication in the S phase? |
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Definition
| exact replication of the DNA of parent cal to distribute to its daughter cells |
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Term
| What is semiconservative replication? |
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Definition
| each strand of existing DNA serves as a template for replication of a new strand of DNA and at the end of the replication process, two double helix strands have been formed from the original DNA |
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Term
| What happens during the first step of semiconservative replication? |
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Definition
| at specific recognition sites along the DNA molecule, helicase enzymes unwind and separate the two strands of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme the unzips the DNA double helix |
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Term
| What happens during the second step of semiconservative replication? |
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Definition
| as the DNA polymerase enzymes synthesize new strands of DNA off of the existing strands; replication begins with the formation of an RNA primer, performed by a primase enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that makes a new DNA molecule by using the original molecule as a template |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of RNA polymerase which creates an RNA primer |
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Term
| What happens during the third step of semiconservative replication? |
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Definition
| ligase enzyme ties together the fragments of the lagging strand to complete continuity of the replicated DNA; histone proteins reconfigue around the newly duplicated DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that catalyzes the linkage between two free ends of double-stranded DNA chains by forming a phosphodiester bond |
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Term
| What is a consequence of DNA having a specific polarity? |
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Definition
| the DNA polymerase can only synthesize in one direction, therefore where the polymerase is synthesizing smoothly and continuously, this strand is synthesized quicker; on the other strand, the enzyme must move the opposite way and as a result this enzyme must synthesize a chunk, move on, synthesize, and so on |
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Term
| What is the leading strand? |
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Definition
| strand that replicates nucleotides one by one and quicker than the other strand |
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Term
| What is the lagging strand? |
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Definition
| strand that replicates nucleotides in small segments and a little slower than the other strand |
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Term
| What are Okazaki fragments? |
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Definition
| short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand and are eventually tied together by ligase enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division |
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Term
| What are the steps of mitosis? |
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Definition
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase [cytokinesis] |
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Term
| What happens during prophase? |
|
Definition
-organization of mitotic spindles
-centrioles separate
-extend microtubules
-microtubules attach to kinetochore of centromere |
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Term
|
Definition
| unique sequence of DNA bound to protein nuclear membrane fragments |
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Term
| What happens during metaphase? |
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Definition
-chromosomes align in center
-microtubules extend from kinetochores of centromeres of chromosome to centriole on each side |
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Term
| What happens during anaphase? |
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Definition
| -separation of sister chromatids as they are "pulled" by microtubules |
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Term
| What happens during telophase? |
|
Definition
-uncoil chromosomes
-reform nuclear membrane around daughter chromosomes |
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Term
| What happens during cytokinesis? |
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Definition
| cell membrane divides into two daughter cells |
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Term
| How is mitosis controlled? |
|
Definition
-surface to volume ratio
-contact inhibition
-regulatory proteins |
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Term
| How does the surface to volume ratio control mitosis? |
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Definition
| critical cell size, and inadequate meeting of nutritional needs |
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Term
| How does contact inhibition control mitosis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do regulatory proteins control mitosis? |
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Definition
| proteins whose concentrations and/or activity increase/decrease throughout the cell cycle to effect preparation and execution of cell division |
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Term
| What role do cyclins play in how regulatory proteins control mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two proteins that act as regulatory proteins in order to control mitosis? |
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Definition
| cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) |
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Term
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Definition
| a segment of DNA which serves as the blueprint for a single polypeptide |
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Term
| What are amino acids made of? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the synthesis of mRNA from DNA template in order to transfer info from DNA to RNA |
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Term
| Where does transcription occur? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the synthesis of a protein off of an mRNA template; uses mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes |
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Term
| Where does translation occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens in transcription? |
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Definition
| DNA molecule is unzipped and RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA through complementary base pairing |
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Term
|
Definition
| three sequential bases that will ultimately code for an amino acid |
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Term
| Is the synthesized product of transcription the final mRNA product? |
|
Definition
| no, it still needs to be edited or shortened |
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Term
|
Definition
| "non-informational" regions on the pre-mRNA that will be edited out |
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Term
|
Definition
| "informational" regions on the pre-mRNA that will be spliced in to the final mRNA product |
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