Term
| What means the presence of microbes on our body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you have an infection does that mean the disease is present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What means the potential to cause disease?
Some microbes inherently virulent, their presence is always a medical issue |
|
Definition
| Pathogenicity (Virulence) |
|
|
Term
| What are microbes of low pathogenic potential, able to cause disease only in hosts with compromised defenses. Often members of our normal flora? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the normal flora what is the term for always there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the normal flora what is the term for come and go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of Host/Pathogen Relationships? |
|
Definition
1) Symbiotic (mutualistic)
2) Commensalism
3) Pathogenic (Parasitic) |
|
|
Term
| Of the types of Host/Pathogen Relationships which describe for our relationship with normal flora? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What thins affect which which bacteria associate with human body? |
|
Definition
1) age
2) diet
3) lifestyle
4) geography |
|
|
Term
| Normal flora influences what aspects of us? |
|
Definition
PASM
1) physiology
2) anatomy
3) susceptibility to pathogens
3) morbidity |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main sites of microbes on the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sterile sites of the body? |
|
Definition
1) Trachea
2) Lungs
3) Heart- Blood
4) Tissues
5) Organs
6) Bladder
7) Stomach
8) Upper intestinal tract
9) Fets |
|
|
Term
| What 2 main types of innate defenses maintain sterility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main chemical and mechanical defenses in the trachea and lungs? |
|
Definition
-Mucociliary escalator
-Antimicrobials |
|
|
Term
| What are the main chemical and mechanical defenses in the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main chemical and mechanical defenses in the Small Intestine? |
|
Definition
| -antimicrobials (such as bile) |
|
|
Term
| What are the main chemical and mechanical defenses in the Bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main chemical and mechanical defenses in the Urine? |
|
Definition
| -antimicrobials and anti-pH |
|
|
Term
| What are the main chemical and mechanical defenses in the Skin? |
|
Definition
| -Physical barrier/ secretions(salt) |
|
|
Term
| Normal flora is important? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal flora of the Teeth... |
|
Definition
Streptococcus mutans
Bacteroides
Fusobacterium
Streptococcus
Actinomycetes |
|
|
Term
| Normal flora of the Conjunctiva... |
|
Definition
Staph. epidermidis
Propionibacteria |
|
|
Term
| Normal flora of the Mouth... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal flora of the Throat... |
|
Definition
Streptococci
Neisseria ssp.
Staphylococci
Hemophilus |
|
|
Term
| Normal flora of the Nose... |
|
Definition
Staphylococci
(S. aureus and S. epidermidis)
Corynebacteria
Streptococci |
|
|
Term
| Normal flora of the Skin... |
|
Definition
Corynebacteria
Propionibacteria
Staphylococci (S. epidermidis) |
|
|
Term
| What are some keys of Antibiotic Misuse? |
|
Definition
-Given when they are not needed (viral infections)
-Continued when they are no longer necessary
-Given at the wrong dose
-Broad spectrum agents are used to treat very susceptible bacteria
-The wrong antibiotic is given to treat an infection |
|
|
Term
| Vagina has which organism and how does it attract this microorganism? |
|
Definition
| -Lactobacillus and attract with glycogen secretion |
|
|
Term
| What does MRSA stand for? |
|
Definition
Methicillin Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus |
|
|
Term
| Where is MRSA normally found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the fetus sterile in uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes in a prokaryote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the nucleus/nucleoid in a prokaryote? |
|
Definition
No nuclear membrane
No nucleoli |
|
|
Term
| Is there membrane bound organelles in a prokaryote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a cell wall in a prokaryote? |
|
Definition
Usually present
Many have PG |
|
|
Term
| Describe the plasma membrane in a prokaryote? |
|
Definition
| No carbohydrates, most lack sterols |
|
|
Term
| What size ribosome in a prokaryote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes in a eukaryote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the nucleus/nucleoid in a eukaryote? |
|
Definition
Membrane-bound nucleus
Nucleoli present |
|
|
Term
| Is there membrane bound organelles in a eukaryote? |
|
Definition
| Present (e.g. mitochondria, RER, Glog) |
|
|
Term
| Is there a cell wall in a eukaryote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the plasma membrane in a eukaryote? |
|
Definition
| Sterols and carbohydrates present |
|
|
Term
| hat size ribosome in eukaryote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to describe a spherical or oval forms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to describe a rod-like forms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to describe a spiral and curved forms that is helical? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to describe a spiral and curved forms that is comma like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is defined as the ability of a microorganism to cause disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What refers to the extent of pathogenicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
1) Permeability membrane
2) Contains proteins for selective and active transport
a. Assumes many of the functions associated with mitochondria (electron transport and energy production) and contains certain enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
b. Contains the enzymes for complex lipid and cell wall synthesis.
c. Acts as a primitive mitotic apparatus.
d. Involved in secretion to exterior of exoproteins such as toxins and hydrolytic enzymes.
e. Site of sensor proteins |
|
|
Term
| Why do bacteria have cell walls? |
|
Definition
• Provides rigidity to cell; helps to maintain shape.
• Is needed to protect the organism from the environmental stresses it faces, such as low osmotic pressure or presence of detergents. Think of intestinal bacteria that are exposed to bile salts that would dissolve an unprotected cell membrane.
• Limits penetration of molecules.
• Provides receptor sites for bacteriophages.
• Is unique to bacteria and is the target of many antibiotics. |
|
|
Term
| What is a genus of bacteria that lacks a cell wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram-positive is what color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram-negative is what color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria have a thick, multi-layered peptidoglycan cell wall that is exterior to the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The peptidoglycan in most gram-positive organisms is linked to which acids? |
|
Definition
| Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid. Lipoteichoic acid may play a role in pathogenesis of at least some gram-positive bacteria. Some lipoteichoic acids may induce an inflammatory response. |
|
|
Term
| What negative bacteria have two membranes – an outer membrane and an inner (called the cytoplasmic, plasma or cell) membrane. The outer membrane is chemically distinct from the usual biological membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The outer leaflet contains a unique component called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This dual membrane system creates a compartment called ... |
|
Definition
| the periplasmic space or periplasm |
|
|
Term
| Where do you find the PG layer in gram-negative bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endotoxin- Small amounts in the circulation during a gram-negative infection can produce fever, vasodilation and inflammation |
|
|
Term
| High levels of LPS can lead to |
|
Definition
| High levels can lead to shock (endotoxic or gram-negative shock) or death |
|
|
Term
| LPS causes the release of which acute phase cytokines? |
|
Definition
| IL-1, Il-6 TNF-alpha and platelet activating factor |
|
|
Term
| Is the Outer Membrane found in gram-positive or gram-negative or both? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the Cell wall found in gram-positive or gram-negative or both? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is LPS found in gram-positive or gram-negative or both? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are endotoxins found in gram-positive or gram-negative or both? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Teichoic acid found in gram-positive or gram-negative or both? |
|
Definition
Gram-positive often present
Gram-negative is absent |
|
|
Term
| Is sporulation found in gram-positive or gram-negative or both? |
|
Definition
Gram-positive for some strains
other is none known |
|
|
Term
| Is the Capsule found in gram-positive or gram-negative or both? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Lysozyme sensitive or resistant in gram-positive or gram-negative or both? |
|
Definition
Gram-positive are SENSITIVE
Gram-negative are RESISTANT |
|
|
Term
| Is Antibacterial activity of PCN sensitive or resistant in gram-positive or gram-negative or both? |
|
Definition
Gram-positive are MORE SUSCEPTIBLE
Gram-negative are MORE RESISTANT |
|
|
Term
| Is endotoxin production found in gram-positive or gram-negative or both? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many bacteria secrete a sticky, viscous material that forms a coating external to the cell wall (and outer membrane). If the material is tightly bound to the cell, it is called a ___________. If the material is loosely bound and amorphous, it is called a ________ or _________. Almost all bacteria can make such material to some degree. |
|
Definition
-capsule
-slime layer or glycocalyx |
|
|
Term
| Most capsule are made of? |
|
Definition
| polysaccharide, while a few are polypeptides or proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the capsule? |
|
Definition
-Pathogenicity
-Protection from phagocytosis
-Antigenic
-No metabolic or real structural purposes |
|
|
Term
| Are capsule associated with pathogenicity? |
|
Definition
Yes
Encapsulated= virulent
Non-encapsulated= avirulent |
|
|
Term
| What are long helical filaments that are involved in motility. Many successful pathogens are motile, which may aid them in the environment and perhaps in the host? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are shorter protein structures that are involved in the attachment of bacteria to cells and to other surfaces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the protein subunit of flagella? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The flagellum consists of three morphological parts: |
|
Definition
filament, hook and basal body.
The basal body anchors the flagellum to the bacterial cell body. The hook is a short curved structure that connects the basal structure to the filament. |
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of flagella? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for pili? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are pili essential for growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the protein structure of pili? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of common pili? |
|
Definition
1) adherence(loss can cause avirulence and think E. coli in bladder wall attachment)
2) Anti-phagocytic (due to negative charge)
3) Antigenic
4) highly changeable |
|
|
Term
| hat is the vegatative stage of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a mechanism to ensure survival during adverse conditions; it is not a reproductive stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most resistant life forms known? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are proteins that are produced by bacteria and that usually are released into the surrounding medium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Damage by exotoxins usually involves a two-step process... |
|
Definition
-First the toxin binds to specific receptors on the host (target) cell and delivers the toxic part of the molecule to the appropriate cellular compartment.
-Second, the toxin causes a specific alteration in the target cell that results in damage. |
|
|
Term
| What component of an exotoxin binds to a receptor on the surface of the target cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the endotoxin is delivered into the cell and what doe sit do? |
|
Definition
| A component (A for enzymatically active) |
|
|
Term
| The A portion of many – but definitely not all - A/B toxins catalyzes a reaction called... |
|
Definition
| adenosine-diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation, in which it removes the ADP-ribosyl group from NAD and attaches it to a host cell (target) protein |
|
|
Term
| What are modified toxins that retain immunogenicity but have lost toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which toxin is this?
Stops protein synthesis
B domain binds to receptor on susceptible cell
Toxin internalized
A domain ADP-ribosylates elongation factor 2
End result – protein synthesis stops, cell dies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which toxin is this?
ADP-ribosylates GTP binding proteins in intestinal epithelial cell; end result = constant production of cAMP, resulting in outpouring of fluid into intestinal lumen, i.e. diarrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which toxins alter vesicle trafficking?
They are metalloproteases that proteolytically cleave proteins required for vesicle fusion with host cell membranes. Block release of neuro-transmitters (e.g. botulinum toxin blocks release of acetylcholine). |
|
Definition
-Tetanus toxin
-Botulinum toxin |
|
|
Term
| What are antibodies directed against a toxin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of toxin digest structural components of host cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some toxins help bacteria spread in tissues... |
|
Definition
| Hyaluronidase, collagenases, elastase, DNAse |
|
|
Term
| What toxin insert self into host cell membrane, form channels; cell eventually lyses? |
|
Definition
| Non-enzymatic cytolytic toxins |
|
|
Term
| Require viable host cell to replicate; will not grow on cell-free laboratory medium. Includes all viruses and a few bacteria (e.g. Chlamydia, Rickettsia) |
|
Definition
| Obligate intracellular pathogens |
|
|
Term
| What can exist as free living microorganisms or survive/multiply within a host cell; important in pathogenesis (e.g. Shigella, Mycobacteria)? |
|
Definition
| Facultative intracellular bacteria |
|
|
Term
| How do extracellular pathogens evade phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
Capsule (most common)
Kill the phagocyte
Inhibit chemotaxis of PMNs |
|
|
Term
| How do extracellular pathogens avoid imune recognition? |
|
Definition
Antigenic variation
Non-immunologic surface |
|
|
Term
| What bind to the T-cell receptor and cause T cell proliferation and over-production of cytokines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an infection that is acquired or transmitted within a hospital? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an infection caused by member(s) of one’s own normal flora? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This term applies when signs and symptoms result from infection and its associated damage or altered physiology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What usually is defined as a microorganism that has the capacity to cause disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What provides a quantitative measure of pathogenicity or the likelihood of causing disease. ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regularly cause disease in some proportion of susceptible individuals with apparently intact defense systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Not highly pathogenic, but can cause disease if host defenses are impaired (i.e. in a “compromised” individual). |
|
Definition
| Opportunistic microorganism |
|
|
Term
| What allow organism to establish an infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are microbial surface molecules that foster attachment to host cells (usually mucosal epithelium) by binding to specific receptors on host cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What have been shown to act as adhesins? |
|
Definition
| pili and outer membrane proteins |
|
|
Term
| What shield the bacteria from immune and phagocytic responses? |
|
Definition
| capsules or surface molecules |
|
|
Term
| The pathway from infection by a few microorganisms to initiation of disease symptoms follows a similar course for most diseases. These steps include: |
|
Definition
1. Attachment +/- entry into the body of the host
2. Growth and spread in the host by one of two mechanisms:
Extracellular pathogens grow on cellular surfaces
Intracellular pathogens enter intact cells and grow within them
3. Evasion of host defenses
4. Shedding (exit from body)
5. Finally a pathogen must damage the host
Steps 1 – 4 are carried out by members of the normal bacterial flora
Steps 1 – 5 are carried out by pathogenic microorganisms
Steps 2 – 5 differ for extracellular and intracellular pathogens |
|
|
Term
| RNA containing several genes for several proteins, this tends to be specific to prokaryotes is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What capture and transport iron into cells and bacteria require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are siderophores an important virulence factor? |
|
Definition
| Yes for pathogenic bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What media (e.g. sheep blood agar- clearing out when lyses RBCs), is used for better diagnosis of the bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What media can only grow certain bacteria(CNA-agar-only grows Gram+ not -)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can you have a media that is both selective and differential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 broad classes of bacteria based on oxygen requirement? |
|
Definition
aerobic bacteria (aerobes)- requires O2
facultative anaerobes= can use, but not required
anaerobic bacteria-no need |
|
|
Term
| Aerobic bacteria use what to detoxify oxygen to prevent damage? |
|
Definition
-SOD
-catalase (peroxidases) |
|
|
Term
Which bacteria lack SOD and peroxidases so that
molecular oxygen will kill them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be used as a treatment for anaerobic infection in the hospital? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anaerobes acquired from outside sources: environment or food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anaerobes acquired from the patient’s own microbial flora |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In our intestinal tract what type of bacteria is more common? |
|
Definition
| anaerobes by over a factor of 1000 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What limits bacteria growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 basic phases of bacteria growth? |
|
Definition
1) Lag phase
2) Log (exponential) phase
3) stationary phase
3) death phase |
|
|
Term
| What can some bacteria do in the stationary phase in response to loss of nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is called when bacteria sense each other and turn on certain genes based on what is required in that situation? |
|
Definition
| Quorum sensing (some bacteria make bio films to increase resistance to antibacterials) |
|
|
Term
| What viruses that infect bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the morphologies of bacteriophages? |
|
Definition
Icosahedral
Filamentous
Others |
|
|
Term
| What is the integrated phage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the bacteria with the prophage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can virulence factors such as diptheria toxin be encoded on prophages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an independent piece of DNA in the bacteria and has its own origin of replication? |
|
Definition
| plasmid, some have antibiotic genes on them |
|
|
Term
| What are Plasmids that integrate into chromosome e.g. F+ factor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do not have an orgin of replication, i.e. must
be integrate into plasmid or chromosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 mechanisms for genetic exchange in bacteria? |
|
Definition
-Transformation
-Transduction
-Conjugation
-Transposition |
|
|
Term
| What is Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, glycoproteins; provides a barrier and houses transport and signaling systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Exterior to the plasma membrane(high carbohydrate content- hence why its stains with PAS), often used for attachment and to establish a microenvironment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Semiliquid solution of ions, proteins, carbohydrates; contents maintained at a gradient to outside by membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Microfilaments and microtubules that suspend organelles and allow their movement through the cytoplasm, give the cell shape, allow cellular motion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Double membrane surrounding chromosomes and nucleolus and why are they surrounded by pores? |
|
Definition
| nucleus and they are for communication with the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| What is the site of ribosome synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do mitochondria have their own genome? |
|
Definition
| yes of course, remember they are for energy production and in case they ask they are AT rich as opposed to GC |
|
|
Term
| Stacked endomembrane involved in protein folding, secretion and delivery, via vesicles, to membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is involved in protein (rough) and lipid (smooth) synthesis? |
|
Definition
Endomembrane system
-RER (protein synthesis)
-SER (detox) |
|
|
Term
| Cell walls occur in which two things other than plant cells in eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some anti-fungals target what in some cases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are round-to-oval unicellular organisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molds grow as thread-like strands called? and via? |
|
Definition
| hyphae via apical extension |
|
|
Term
| What is still the primary way that fungi are identified in the lab? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organism responsible for passing the parasite, often an insect, “helps” the parasite breech the integument? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What harbors the parasite, may be in an intermediate form, to help maintain the parasite population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of parasite is unicellular and microscopic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of parasite is multicellular and usually visible to the eye in adult form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of helminth is a round worm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of helminth is a tapeworm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of helminth flatworm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of bacteria tolerate oxygen but grow best in reduced oxygen tension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two major mechanisms for the generation of energy by pathogenic bacteria are called? |
|
Definition
-Aerobic respiration
-Fermentation |
|
|
Term
This describes...
pyruvate is formed via glycolysis. Under aerobic conditions this is further oxidized in the TCA cycle. High levels ATP are produced from electron transport. Molecular oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This is called...
Pyruvate is formed, ATP generated though substrate phosphorylation. Organic molecules are the final electron acceptors generating fermentative end products (e.g. ethanol in yeasts, lactic acid common for bacteria, plus many others). These end products may be used as tools for distinguishing between different bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Many medically relevant bacteria grow best at what temp?
What temp is it inhibited? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What bacterial growth phase does this describe?
Little or no cell division. Freshly inoculated bacteria are adapting to growth in a new environment by adjusting cellular constituents (e.g. synthesis of new enzymes). Variable in time from minutes to several hours. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What bacterial growth phase does this describe?
Bacteria are dividing logarithmically as defined by the equation on the previous page. Many antibiotics are most effective at this stage of bacterial growth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What bacterial growth phase does this describe?
Eventually cell growth will slow down and cease due to the depletion of nutrients, oxygen, or the accumulation of waste products. For those bacteria that form spores, sporulation often occurs in this phase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What bacterial growth phase does this describe?
After a period of time in stationary phase cell viability will decline. This varies with organism and culture conditions. |
|
Definition
| Death phase (decline phase) |
|
|
Term
| What involves the production of diffusible signal molecules termed autoinducers, which allow the bacterium to monitor its own cell population density. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bacterial genome is typically what in terms of ploidy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What phase of a virus is this...
The virus infects a bacterium, replicates and assembles new phage particles. Progeny phages are released by lysis of the host cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What phase of a virus is this...
These phage infect a host cell (bacterium) and can integrate into the host chromosome. The site of integration is not random. The integrated virus is called a prophage that replicates along with the host cell DNA. Much of the phage genome is turned off by a repressor protein which inhibits the genes required for lytic growth. A prophage can be induced by DNA damage to excise from the chromosome and replicate in a lytic cycle. Bacteria that carry a prophage are termed lysogenic and the terms lysogeny and lysogenize are also used to describe this state. λ phage is an example of a temperate phage in E. coli. Diphtheria toxin in Corynebacterium diphtheriae is encoded by a prophage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The intergrated virus into the host chromosomes is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria that carry a prophage are termed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What plasmid have the capability of transferring their DNA into another bacterium that does not contain the plasmid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What conjugative plasmids have the ability to integrate into the host chromosome similar to prophage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What DNA elements that are capable of mediating their own transfer from one position to another along a genome or between different chromosomes (or plasmids)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasmids can encode regions for antibiotic resistance can transposons do the same? |
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Definition
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Term
| What involves the direct uptake of naked DNA fragments into bacteria followed by recombination into the bacterial chromosome. Circular plasmid DNA can also be introduced into bacteria by this method. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ability for bacteria to take up DNA requires a specific physiologic state (__________) that occurs under certain conditions . |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Gene transfer from donor cell to recipient mediated by bacteriophages called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the two types of transduction? |
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Definition
-Generalized transduction
-Specialized transduction |
|
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Term
What type of transduction...
This occurs during infection with lytic phage. Viral DNA is packaged into a viral capsid during phage assembly. A random segment of the bacterial host DNA can also be accidentally packaged in a small percent of the phage. These transducing phage particles deliver the bacterial DNA into another cell during subsequent infection. The donor DNA can then recombine with the recipient’s genome. Note that the donor DNA can be derived from any part of the host genome. |
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Definition
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Term
| What transduction occurs when a prophage excises itself from the host genome and picks up some of the adjacent DNA from the host. This becomes packaged into the phage particles that can further infect recipient cells. This is called specialized transduction because the genes in close proximity to the site of prophage integration are transduced. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one concept of transduction that you need to know? |
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Definition
| host DNA genetic material can be transferred to new recipients by phage (transduction) |
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Term
| What is mediated by the presence of conjugative plasmids that are either extrachromosomal or episomal. Requires cell-cell contact between the donor and recipient cell and a conjugation bridge encoded by the plasmid to transfer the DNA. In contrast to transduction, conjugation is a highly efficient process. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some pathogenic bacteria contain large mobile genetic elements that contain multiple virulence genes. These can be 30 – 100 kb clusters of virulence genes that can transform a nonpathogenic bacterium into a pathogenic one in a single step. These clusters of genes, referred to as ... |
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Definition
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Term
| What exotoxins are from soil, lakes, rivers and sewage? |
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Definition
Think spores...
tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
gas gangrene (C. perfringens)
wound botulism (C. botulinum)
cellulitis from various species |
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Term
| What exotoxins are food bourne? |
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Definition
botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
gastroenteritis (C. perfringens) |
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Term
| Bacterial Adaptation is so good based on what 4 factors? |
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Definition
1) Streamlined gene expression
2) Diverse metabolism
3) Rapid growth
4) High numbers |
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Term
| The most beneficial environment is when a microbe has a warm nutrient rich environment and the host also benefits, this relationship is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What relationship is good fo the microbe, but is neutral for the host? |
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Definition
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Term
| What microbials do the Lactobacillus in the vagina produce? |
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Definition
-Lactic acid (pH= 4.5)
-H2O2 |
|
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Term
| What is the microbial zoo of the body? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What bacteria produces acid that destroys are enamel if we eat too much sugar? aka tooth decay |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes peridontal disease? |
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Definition
Streptococcus
Actinomycetes |
|
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Term
| What is found in the nose but not the skin? |
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Definition
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Term
| The fetus is sterile where does it get its flora if vaginally delivered? |
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Definition
| organisms from mother's vagina |
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Term
| The fetus is sterile where does it get its flora if C-section? |
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Definition
| organisms from first hands that touch the baby |
|
|
Term
| microbes of breast fed infants change when... |
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Definition
| solid food introduced, fever or antibiotics |
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Term
| Can normal flora cause opportunistic infections? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens when normal flora of the brain, tissues, or GI tract escape their barriers? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens if normal flora get into the hear? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Can normal flora in the wrong place cause sepsis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if we get normal flora in the lungs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some common disease from normal flora escaping the GI tract? |
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Definition
-Gastroenteritis
-Peritonitis |
|
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Term
| What are some the beneficial effects of the normal flora? |
|
Definition
Produce: Vitamins (B12 and K)
Detoxify compounds / Generate nutrients
Simulate Immune System
Promote development of intestinal lymphatic system
Induce production of cross-reactive antibodies
Protect from pathogens
Produce Anti-microbial compounds
Competition |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 normal functions of the normal flora? |
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Definition
1) Physical exclusion
2) Antimicrobial products
3) Immune stimulation |
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Term
| The normal flora and mucosa can be damaged by? |
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Definition
1) Chemical/ Physical Damage
2) Irradiation
3) Immune suppression |
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|
Term
| Antibiotics are the only drug where use in one patient can... |
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Definition
| impact the effectiveness in another |
|
|
Term
| Antibiotics can be described as... |
|
Definition
-shared resource
-scarce resource
-(perhaps) non-renewal resource |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the harmful effects of normal flora? |
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Definition
Nutrient competition - Ex. farm animals given antibiotics in their feed grow faster, have larger litters.
Synergistic protection – antibiotic destruction,
resistant bacteria degrade antibiotics, protects sensitive bacteria
Toxic metabolites – produced by gut bacteria can cause cancer
Low grade toxemia |
|
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Term
| What are some common diseases that allow OPPORTUNISTS to breach barriers? |
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Definition
1) Malnutrition
2) Diabetes
3) Immunodeficiency (AIDS, chemotherapy,
transplant patients, leukemia)
4) Radiation damage
5) Trauma/Surgery/Burns |
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Term
| Which Phylum is characterized as being Gram +, Low G+C? |
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Definition
Firmicutes
e.g. Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Clostridia. Listeria |
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|
Term
| Which Phylum is characterized as being Gram +, High G+C? |
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Definition
Actinobacteria
e.g. Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, Nocardia |
|
|
Term
| Which Phylums is characterized as being Gram -? |
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Definition
Proteobacteria (Gram Negatives)
e.g. Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter
Verrucomicrobia (Gram Negatives) |
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Term
| Which Phylum is characterized as being Gram -, anaerobes? |
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Definition
Bacteroidetes (Gram Negatives - anaerobes)
e.g. Bacteroides, Porphyromonas |
|
|
Term
| Which Phylum is characterized as being Gram -, obligate anaerobes? |
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Definition
Fusobacteria (Gram-Negatives – obligate anaerobes)
e.g. Fusobacterium necrophorum and F. nucleatum |
|
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Term
| What is one of the more common Fungi seen in humans? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean by saying our body is an ecosystem? |
|
Definition
Similar organisms are present in similar niches.
So armpits and forearm and penis are all vastly different niches with varying ranges of microbiota |
|
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Term
| What dominates in the oily, sebaceous (alar crease) areas? |
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Definition
| Propionibacteria (mostly) /Staphylococci (next most) |
|
|
Term
| What dominates in the moist (armpit) areas? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What dominates in the dry (forearm) areas? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria lipases breakdown lipids in sweat form butyric acid etc.? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What bacteria make propionic acid from amino acids (similar to acetic acid gives sour, vinegar-like smell)? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What bacteria produce isovaleric acid (3-methyl butanoic acid) cheesy smell? |
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Definition
| Staphylococcus epidermidis |
|
|
Term
| What might be one of the functions of appendix? |
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Definition
'A safe house' to store
and protect good flora for your gut.
When intestinal flora are purged by diarrhea (cholera or dysentery) or antibiotics the appendix repopulates the digestive track with protective flora
Important in less hygienic societies, less so in industrialized societies
However - individuals without an appendix were four times more likely to have a recurrence of Clostridium difficile |
|
|
Term
| Where can you find transposon's? |
|
Definition
-plasmid
-chromosomes
-NEVER as a free element |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of plasmid? |
|
Definition
-Extrachromosomal
-Episome (integrated into chromosome) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Phages? |
|
Definition
-Lytic (enter and then replicate and leave cell via lysis)
-Temperate (enter into and enter into chromsome during prophage, then in the Lysogeny phase, the DNA leaves the chromome, replicates and the forms new virions before lysing and killing the cell to reinfect more) |
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Term
| Transformation is when... |
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Definition
| free DNA enters into a bacteria and is either successfully or unsuccessfully integrated into the bacteria |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the DNA from an infectious phage is injected then integrated into the chromosome, so similar to the temperate phage, sometimes there is a mistake and some bacterial DNA is integrated into the phage |
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|
Term
| Conjugation is done by... |
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Definition
| subset of plasmids with this capability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bacteria with a F+ plasmid conjugates or connects with another bacteria via a SEX PILUS, then via synthesis each bacteria ends up a F+ plasmid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High frequency of recombination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is when an F+ plasmid is integrated into the host's chromosome forming an episome, then via the sex pilus a conjugation is made some of the host's chromosome enters the recipient cell and its chromosome has now been changed to include some of the donor's DNA |
|
|
Term
| What are some consequences of transposition of transposons (aka transposable elements)? |
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Definition
1) Insertion can inactivate gene at site of insertion
2) Can transport a gene for drug resistance
3) Can move around sets of genes required for function (e.g.- pathogenicity islands for virulence) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmids replicate via... |
|
Definition
-Conjugation
-Sex pilus
-Hfr |
|
|
Term
| Transposition can happen between which pairs? |
|
Definition
-plasmid and chromosome
-plasmid and plasmid
-chromosome and chromosome |
|
|
Term
| Transformation the free DNA comes from... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are major classes of Fungi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are major classes of Parasites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell walls tend to be most made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fungi is important in brewing and bread making? What is its function? |
|
Definition
Saccharomyces
-converts sugar to ethanol |
|
|
Term
| Yeast grow similar to what other microorganism? |
|
Definition
| grow on agar in bacteria-like colonies |
|
|
Term
| Molds (type of fungi) are uni- or multi- cellular organisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mold colonies would be described as being... |
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Definition
-filamentous
-mycelial (he vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae) |
|
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Term
| Hyphae are divided into two groups and can tell the physician about different treatment paths, he should choose. These two types are? |
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Definition
-Septate (divided by septa)
-Coenocytic (non-septate) |
|
|
Term
| Fungi reproduce by making... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Conidia? |
|
Definition
-Sexual
-Asexual (majority of what is looked at in labs for identification) |
|
|
Term
| Spores reproduce via sexual or asexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| sexual, if only tests were this easy |
|
|
Term
| Sexual reproductive cells are... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| General VIRULENCE properties of fungi include (3)... |
|
Definition
1) Thermotolerance – must be able to grow well at 37°C.
2) Dimorphism – some grow in completely different morphological forms in nature and in vivo.
3) Resistance to host defenses – Size, composition (cell wall or capsule), exoenzymes. |
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Term
| What is the person, animal, or insect that harbors the parasite called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the definitive host? |
|
Definition
| It is the host where the parasite undergoes sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
| What is organism responsible for passing the parasite, often an insect, “helps” the parasite breech the integument? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What harbors the parasite, may be in an intermediate form, to help maintain the parasite population? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Intracellular bacteria have devised several means to subvert the normal killing mechanisms of macrophages. |
|
Definition
-Escape lysosome and multiplies in macrophage cytoplasm.
-Induce apoptosis and kill macrophage.
-Inhibit lysosomal fusion so not exposed to toxic lysosomal contents.
-Resist the antibacterial action of the lysosome and multiplies in lysosome. |
|
|
Term
| Which toxin blocks vesicle fusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which toxin blocks protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which toxin acts on GTP binding proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which toxin non-specifically stimulates T cells? |
|
Definition
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