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Week 2 - Anatomy
w2
126
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 1
01/07/2016

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Cards

Term
2. What is the appendicular skeleton and how many bones does it contain?
Definition
Upper and lower limbs including pelvis. 126.
Term
2. What is the Axial skeleton composed of?
Definition
Skull (neurocranium, facial skeleton).
Thoracic Cage (ribs, sternum)
Vertebral Column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal).
Hyoid Bone
Term
2. What is the fontanelle?
Definition
area of fibrous tissue - future site for intramembranous bone formation (soft spot on baby's head)
Term
2. How can a fontanelle be used to diagnose a baby?
Definition
Overly soft: dehydration
Overly hard: intracranial pressure
Term
2. How many bones make up the neurocranium? Facial Skeleton?
Definition
8.
14.
Term
2. What do sinuses do?
Definition
Help to condition inspired air.
Term
2. What muscles attach to the facial skeleton?
Definition
Muscles of mastication. Muscles of facial expression do not.
Term
2. How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column?
Definition
33
Term
2. What are the vertebral regions and how many vertebrae do they contain?
Definition
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5)
Coccygeal (4)
Term
2. What is kyphosis and what regions does it do to the spine?
Definition
Hunching. Outward curvature of the spine. Thoracic and sacral.
Term
2. What is lordosis and what regions does it do to the spine?
Definition
Arched. Inward curvature of the spine. Cervical and lumbar.
Term
2. What are the 6 degrees of freedom the spine experiences?
Definition
Flexion. Rotation. Extension. Compression. Lateral flexion. Tension.
Term
2. What are intervertebral discs (IVD)?
Definition
They are located between 2 vertebrae and contribute to 20-25% of VC length. They aid movement and act as shock absorbers.
Term
2. What is the outer ring of IVDs?
Definition
Annulus fibrosis: concentric lamellae (fibrocartilage)
Term
2. What is the inner ring?
Definition
Nucleus pulposus: hydrophilic, GAGs (gelationous ball)
Term
2. What is the thoracic cage made up of?
Definition
12 vertebrae (T1-T12), 12 pairs or ribs and sternum.
Term
2. What is the role of the thoracic cage?
Definition
Protects the cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems. Muscles attach and help breathing.
Term
2. What muscles are involves in breathing?
Definition
Diaphragm is the main one (quiet breathing).
Internal, external and innermost intercostal muscles are used in forced breathing?
Term
2. What do intercostal muscles do?
Definition
Increase thoracic cavity volume.
Term
2. Define the pectoral girdle
Definition
Made up of the clavical and scapular (sternoclavicular joint)
Term
2. What is the clavical?
Definition
Collar bone
Term
2. What is the coracoid process?
Definition
Hook-like structure on the LATERAL edge of the SUPERIOR ANTERIOR portion of the SCAPULA. Stabilises shoulder joint.
Term
2. Glenoid fossa?
Definition
Shallow pyriform on the LATERAL edge of the SCAPULA that articulates with the head of the humerus
Term
Subscapula fossa?
Definition
ANTERIOR face has a broad concavity to which the subscapularis muscles attach.
Term
Supraspinous fossa?
Definition
concave depression of the POSTERIOR of scapula. Suprinatus muscles attach.
Term
Infraspinous fossa?
Definition
Concave depression on POSTERIOR side, below the spine. Infranspinatus muscles attach.
Term
Spine?
Definition
Prominant project on the POSTERIOR side of scapula that seperates the supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous fossa.
Term
Acromian?
Definition
Extends LATERALLY over the shoulder joint with the CORACOID PROCESS. Articulates with the clavicle (acromioclavical).
Term
List the rotator cuff muscles
Definition
Suprastinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Term
What are the roles of the rotator cuff muscles?
Definition
Reinforce joint capsule. Help to hold head of humerus against glenoid cavity. Muscles attach to the tubercles of humerus.
Term
Which bones are involved in the elbow joint and what kind of joint is it?
Definition
Hinge joint. HUmerus, radius, ulna.
Term
Humeroulnar?
Definition
Trochlea of humerus and trochlea notch of ulna
Term
Humeroradial?
Definition
Capitulum and radial head
Term
Proximal Radioulnar?
Definition
Radial notch (of ulna) and radial head. Suprination and pronation.
Term
What is the elbow joint capsule?
Definition
Thin and loose anteriorly and posteriorly to allow for flexion and extension. Reinforced by two collateral ligaments (ulna and radial)
Term
Describe the annular ligament and its function
Definition
attached to the margin of the trochlear notch of the ulna, and it encircles the head of the radius, functioning to keep the head in contact with the radial notch of the ulnar during pronation/suprination. Prevents inferior dislocation.
Term
Describe the movements that occur at the elbow and the joints involved.
Definition
FLEXION/EXTENSION at the humeroulna and humeroradial joints.
PRONTATION/SUPRINATION at the proximal radio-ulnar joints.
Term
Which muscles act on the elbow joint?
Definition
Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, Triceps Brachii
Term
Describe Biceps Brachii
Definition
2 heads (bi)
chief suprinator
elbow flexor
Term
Describe Brachialis
Definition
Elbow flexor
Term
Describe Triceps Brachii
Definition
3 heads
elbow extensor
Term
Define epicondylitis
Definition
painful inflammation of tendons surrounding an epicondyle
Term
Describe golfers elbow
Definition
inflammation of wrist flexors at the medial epicondyle
Term
Describe tennis elbow
Definition
inflammation of the wrist extensors at the lateral epicondyle
Term
What are the 4 tissue types?
Definition
Connectice, neural, muscular, epithelial
Term
What is CT?
Definition
Bone, cartilage, fat, tendons, ligaments
Term
Where is CT derived from?
Definition
Mesenchymal pluripotent stems of the embryonic mesoderm.
Term
What are the components of CT?
Definition
Extracelluar matrix
Cells
Term
What determines the different type of CT?
Definition
The abundence and type of ECM and cells.
Term
What are the 4 functions of CT?
Definition
Packaging dividing
Space filling
Energy storage
Providing support
Term
What are the cells in CT?
Definition
Fibroblasts (most abundant)
Lipoblasts
Myofibroblasts
Mast cells
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Term
What are fibroblasts?
Definition
'Factories' that produce and excrete the components of the ECM and collagen.
Very robust and resist damaging stimuli.
Term
What are lipoblasts?
Definition
Fat derivitives. They mature inot adipocytes which store fat, source of energy and provide insulation.
Term
What are myofibroblasts?
Definition
Contain actin which enables them to contract.
Involved in shrinkage of scar tissue, also secrete collagen upon tissue damage.
In between fibroblast and a SMC.
Term
What are mast cells?
Definition
a cell filled with basophil granules.
secrete herapin (anticogulant) and histamine (inflammatory)
Term
What are plasma cells?
Definition
Immune cells that produce lymphocytes.
Term
What does the ECM contain?
Definition
structural carbohydrate
structural proteins
fibres
all bathed in a ground substance (a clear, colourless fluid)
Term
What are the 4 functions of the ECM?
Definition
prevents cells moving around
regulate the movement of cells
some ECM attracts water, which can give structure
contain structural carbs, proteins and fibres
Term
What are glycosaminoglycans? (GAGs)
Definition
structural carbohydates
large unbranched polysaccharide chains
produced by fibroblasts and ejected into ECM
negative charge due to addtion of S)3- (except haluronic acid)
Divided into 4 groups
Hydrophilic (retains water and na+)
forms covalent bongs with long protein to form proteoglycans
Term
What are proteoglycans
Definition
GAGs covalently bonded to long proteins
Term
What are the functions of GAGs
Definition
Mechanical support
Regulate activites of cellular signals
Facilitate cellular interactions
Communicate with intracellular components
Term
What is fibronectin
Definition
Structural protein
Glycoprotein
Exists as a dimer
Dimers are joined by a pair of disulphide bonds
Important in adhering cells to the ECM
Term
What is collagen
Definition
CT fibre
long stiff unbranched triple helix
secreted by fibroblasts as single alpha chains
3 alpha chains combine to form a collagen firbil in the ECM
Term
What is elastin
Definition
CT fibre
750 amino acids
Allows skins, blood vessels and lungs to stretch
secreted as individual elastin molecules by fibroblasts
assembles into elastic fibres in ECM where cross links form
Term
What are the similarities between collagen and elastin?
Definition
Both secreted as individual chains by fibroblasts into the ECM where they assemble into respected molecules
Term
What are the 3 fibrocollagenous CT and what are they dependent on?
Definition
Dense, Areolar/Loose, Reticular.
Abundance and type of the ECM and cell
Term
Describe Dense regular CT
Definition
EG Tendon
parallel collagen fibres
withstands force from one direction
Term
Describe Dense irregular CT
Definition
eg dermis of the skin
interwoven collagen and elastic fibres
withstands force from multiple directions
Term
Describe Areolar/loose CT
Definition
Eg submucosa of the intestine
Abundant ground substance
some collagen and elastin fibres
many cell types
Term
Describe reticular CT
Definition
Eg. organs with high cellularity (liver)
Reticulin fibrs form the fine network around epithelial cells
Provides framework for specialised cells
Term
Describe cartilage CT
Definition
Term
Define chondroblasts?
Definition
mesenchymal progenitor cells that secrete ECM and fibres (always aggrecan). They will become trapped in it and mature into chondrocytes.
Term
Define chondrocytes
Definition
a cell which has secreted the matrix of cartilage and become embedded in it.
Term
How does cartilage get its nutrients?
Definition
Via diffusion. CARTILAGE IS AVASCULAR.
Term
Where would you find hyaline cartilage? What is it like?
Definition
Nose, ribs, ends of nose, joint surfaces. Lots of aggrecan. Fairly flexible.
Term
Where would you find elastic cartilage? What is it like?
Definition
Ear, epiglottis.
Flexible but returns to the same shape.
Term
Where would you find fibrocartilage? What is it like?
Definition
IVD and knee joint.
Lots of collagen.
Areas of high impact.
Resilient.
Term
What are the cells involved in bones?
Definition
Osteoprogenitor cells then osteoblast then osteocytes.
Term
What are osteoprogenitor cells?
Definition
stem cell that gives rise to osteoblasts.
Term
What are osteoblasts?
Definition
They carry out osteogenesis (process of making bone matrix).
Once they have produced the matrix, the become entombed in it and differentiate into osteocytes.
Term
What are osteocytes?
Definition
Mature bone cells.
Connected to other osteocytes via long processes that form gap junctions.
Term
How do bones get nutrients?
Definition
via a plentiful blood supply which serves to supply the osteocytes.
Term
What are osteoclasts?
Definition
They are derived from macrophages,
Involved in bone remodelling and reshaping.
Giant multinucleated cells that resorb the osteoid (ECM).
Term
What are the two different bone types?
Definition
Outer compact bone and inner spongy bone.
Term
What does compact bone make up and what is it made up of?
Definition
Forms the outershell of all bone and shafts in long bones.
Resists weight and movement stress.
Made up of osteons (rod like units that run longitudually within the bone).
Term
What do the osteons surround in compact bone?
Definition
A central canal that has a longitudal artery and vein that delivers nutrients and removed waste products from the tissue.
Term
What is spongy tissue mad eup of and where is it located?
Definition
Irregular lattice known as trabaculae.
Located in places where stress is received from multiple directions that reduce skeleton weight.
Term
What is Ricketts caused from?
Definition
Vitamin D deficiency and/or impaired metabolism or hypocalcemia.
Term
What is Ricketts like?
Definition
Bone softening (bow legs)
increased likelihood of fractures
dental problems/soft skull
Term
What is the treatment for Ricketts?
Definition
Improved diet (ca2+, P-, Vit D)
Vit D supplements
Sunlight
Term
What is Ehlers Danlos Syndrome?
Definition
Inherited CT disorder caused by a defect in collagen synthesis.
Mild-life threatening
No cure
Term
What are the 2 body cavities?
Definition
Dorsal (houses and protects the CNS)
Ventral (houses the internal organs)
Term
WHat are the two cavities within the dorsal cavity?
Definition
Cranial (surrounds brain)
Vertebral (surrounds spinal cord)
Term
What are the two cavities within the ventral cavity and what separates them?
Definition
Thorax and abdominopelvic.
Diaphragm
Term
What 6 organs are in the abdominal cavity?
Definition
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Spleen
Liver
Gall bladder
Term
What are the R/L regions of the abdominopelvic cavity (from top to bottom)?
Definition
Hyperchondriac
Lumbar
Iliac
Term
What are the middle regions of the abdominopelvic cavity (from top to bottom)
Definition
Epigastric
Umbilical
Pelvic/Hypogastric
Term
What is the peritoneum?
Definition
A serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity that reduced the friction between the abdominal organs.
Term
What are the two peritoneums and how do they differ?
Definition
Visceral covers the external surface of most digestive organs.
Parietal lines the body wall.
Term
What is the peritoneal cavity?
Definition
a potential space between the visceral and parietal peritonea filled with a small amount of peritoneal fluid.
Term
What is the peritoneal fluid composed of?
Definition
water
electrolytes
antibodies
WBCs
Term
What are the regions of the stomach
Definition
cardiac, fundus, body and pyloric region
Term
What are the functions of the stomach?
Definition
- temporary food storage
- acid secretion and antibacterial action
- liquefaction of stomach contents
- preliminary enzymatic digestion
Term
What are the regions of the small intestine and where do they join other organs?
Definition
- duodenum (attached to pylourus of duodenum)
- Jejunum
- Ileum (joins large intestine at ileocaecal juntion)
Term
What are the functions of the small intestine?
Definition
nutrient absorption
Term
What does the large intestine consist of?
Definition
caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
Term
What are the functions of the large intestine?
Definition
- water absorption
- formation of faecal mass
- secretion of mucus
Term
What are the sections of the pancreas?
Definition
head, neck, body, tail
Term
What does the pancreas do?
Definition
- secrete enzymes into the duodenum to assist food digestion
- secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels
Term
How to enzymes leave the pancreas?
Definition
They drain via the pancreatic duct, Sphincter of Oddi and enter the duodenum at the major duodenum papilla (with bile from the gall bladder via the common bile duct).
Term
What is the role of the liver?
Definition
Nutrient store
converts fats to energy
produces bile and albumin
assists in blood clotting
toxin breakdown
Term
Describe livers blood supply
Definition
Hepatic artery (oxygenated) and hepatic portal vein (deoxygenated).
Drainage from HPV which then drains into the inferior vena cava
Term
What is the gall bladder?
Definition
organ that concentrates and stored bile produced from the liver
Term
Name the 4 bones that makes up the pelvis
Definition
Left innominate
Right innominate
Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae
Term
What is each innominate made up of?
Definition
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Term
What are the pelvic divisions and what separates them?
Definition
Greater pelvis and lesser pelvis, seperated by the pelvic brim/inlet
Term
Name and describe the 3 parts of the unterine/fallopian tubes
Definition
Laterally (infundibulum)
Ampulla (usual fertilisation site)
Isthmus (narrow part)
Term
What are the 3 layers of the uterus?
Definition
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
(out to in)
Term
What are uterine fibroids?
Definition
non cancerous uterine growths (variable size and location)
Term
When is the uterus usually damaged? and why
Definition
When pregnant.
Uterus enlarges and rises out of pelvis
can obstruct the inferior vena cava
Term
How does a mother adapt to prevent injury?
Definition
increased blood volume to protect from hypovolemic shock
uterus is thick and muscular and distributes force of trauma uniformally to fetus
Term
What are the male glands and what do they produce?
Definition
seminal vescile -> seminal fluid
prostate -> produces prostatic fluid
bulbaretural -> produces pre-ejaculate
Term
What is the spermatic cord and what does it include?
Definition
Attaches scrotum to the body
-ductus deferens
- blood vessels
-nerves
(enclosed in a muscular sheath)
Term
Describe the ejaculatory pathway
Definition

testes -> ductus deferens (and seminal vesicles) -> ejaculatory ducts -> prostatic/membranous urethra -> penis

 

TRAV picks up DANA AND SAM and EATS DOMINOS, they PULL UP at the MEET UP and PARTY

Term
Describe the composition of semen
Definition
Sperm (2-5%)
Semen (65-75%)
Prostatic fluid (25-30%)
Term
What is a TURP?
Definition
Used to cut off bad prostate
Resectoscope enters urethra and electrical currents heats the hoop to cut parts off.
Water is flushed through to remove pieces.
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