Term
2. What is the appendicular skeleton and how many bones does it contain? |
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Definition
Upper and lower limbs including pelvis. 126. |
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Term
2. What is the Axial skeleton composed of? |
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Definition
Skull (neurocranium, facial skeleton). Thoracic Cage (ribs, sternum) Vertebral Column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal). Hyoid Bone |
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Term
2. What is the fontanelle? |
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Definition
area of fibrous tissue - future site for intramembranous bone formation (soft spot on baby's head) |
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Term
2. How can a fontanelle be used to diagnose a baby? |
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Definition
Overly soft: dehydration Overly hard: intracranial pressure |
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Term
2. How many bones make up the neurocranium? Facial Skeleton? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Help to condition inspired air. |
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Term
2. What muscles attach to the facial skeleton? |
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Definition
Muscles of mastication. Muscles of facial expression do not. |
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Term
2. How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column? |
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Definition
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Term
2. What are the vertebral regions and how many vertebrae do they contain? |
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Definition
Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacral (5) Coccygeal (4) |
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Term
2. What is kyphosis and what regions does it do to the spine? |
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Definition
Hunching. Outward curvature of the spine. Thoracic and sacral. |
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Term
2. What is lordosis and what regions does it do to the spine? |
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Definition
Arched. Inward curvature of the spine. Cervical and lumbar. |
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Term
2. What are the 6 degrees of freedom the spine experiences? |
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Definition
Flexion. Rotation. Extension. Compression. Lateral flexion. Tension. |
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Term
2. What are intervertebral discs (IVD)? |
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Definition
They are located between 2 vertebrae and contribute to 20-25% of VC length. They aid movement and act as shock absorbers. |
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Term
2. What is the outer ring of IVDs? |
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Definition
Annulus fibrosis: concentric lamellae (fibrocartilage) |
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Term
2. What is the inner ring? |
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Definition
Nucleus pulposus: hydrophilic, GAGs (gelationous ball) |
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Term
2. What is the thoracic cage made up of? |
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Definition
12 vertebrae (T1-T12), 12 pairs or ribs and sternum. |
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Term
2. What is the role of the thoracic cage? |
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Definition
Protects the cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems. Muscles attach and help breathing. |
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Term
2. What muscles are involves in breathing? |
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Definition
Diaphragm is the main one (quiet breathing). Internal, external and innermost intercostal muscles are used in forced breathing? |
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Term
2. What do intercostal muscles do? |
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Definition
Increase thoracic cavity volume. |
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Term
2. Define the pectoral girdle |
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Definition
Made up of the clavical and scapular (sternoclavicular joint) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
2. What is the coracoid process? |
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Definition
Hook-like structure on the LATERAL edge of the SUPERIOR ANTERIOR portion of the SCAPULA. Stabilises shoulder joint. |
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Term
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Definition
Shallow pyriform on the LATERAL edge of the SCAPULA that articulates with the head of the humerus |
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Term
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Definition
ANTERIOR face has a broad concavity to which the subscapularis muscles attach. |
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Term
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Definition
concave depression of the POSTERIOR of scapula. Suprinatus muscles attach. |
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Term
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Definition
Concave depression on POSTERIOR side, below the spine. Infranspinatus muscles attach. |
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Term
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Definition
Prominant project on the POSTERIOR side of scapula that seperates the supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous fossa. |
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Term
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Definition
Extends LATERALLY over the shoulder joint with the CORACOID PROCESS. Articulates with the clavicle (acromioclavical). |
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Term
List the rotator cuff muscles |
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Definition
Suprastinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis |
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Term
What are the roles of the rotator cuff muscles? |
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Definition
Reinforce joint capsule. Help to hold head of humerus against glenoid cavity. Muscles attach to the tubercles of humerus. |
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Term
Which bones are involved in the elbow joint and what kind of joint is it? |
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Definition
Hinge joint. HUmerus, radius, ulna. |
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Term
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Definition
Trochlea of humerus and trochlea notch of ulna |
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Term
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Definition
Capitulum and radial head |
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Term
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Definition
Radial notch (of ulna) and radial head. Suprination and pronation. |
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Term
What is the elbow joint capsule? |
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Definition
Thin and loose anteriorly and posteriorly to allow for flexion and extension. Reinforced by two collateral ligaments (ulna and radial) |
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Term
Describe the annular ligament and its function |
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Definition
attached to the margin of the trochlear notch of the ulna, and it encircles the head of the radius, functioning to keep the head in contact with the radial notch of the ulnar during pronation/suprination. Prevents inferior dislocation. |
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Term
Describe the movements that occur at the elbow and the joints involved. |
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Definition
FLEXION/EXTENSION at the humeroulna and humeroradial joints. PRONTATION/SUPRINATION at the proximal radio-ulnar joints. |
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Term
Which muscles act on the elbow joint? |
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Definition
Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, Triceps Brachii |
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Term
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Definition
2 heads (bi) chief suprinator elbow flexor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
painful inflammation of tendons surrounding an epicondyle |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of wrist flexors at the medial epicondyle |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of the wrist extensors at the lateral epicondyle |
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Term
What are the 4 tissue types? |
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Definition
Connectice, neural, muscular, epithelial |
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Term
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Definition
Bone, cartilage, fat, tendons, ligaments |
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Term
Where is CT derived from? |
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Definition
Mesenchymal pluripotent stems of the embryonic mesoderm. |
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Term
What are the components of CT? |
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Definition
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Term
What determines the different type of CT? |
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Definition
The abundence and type of ECM and cells. |
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Term
What are the 4 functions of CT? |
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Definition
Packaging dividing Space filling Energy storage Providing support |
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Term
What are the cells in CT? |
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Definition
Fibroblasts (most abundant) Lipoblasts Myofibroblasts Mast cells Macrophages Plasma cells |
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Term
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Definition
'Factories' that produce and excrete the components of the ECM and collagen. Very robust and resist damaging stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
Fat derivitives. They mature inot adipocytes which store fat, source of energy and provide insulation. |
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Term
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Definition
Contain actin which enables them to contract. Involved in shrinkage of scar tissue, also secrete collagen upon tissue damage. In between fibroblast and a SMC. |
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Term
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Definition
a cell filled with basophil granules. secrete herapin (anticogulant) and histamine (inflammatory) |
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Term
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Definition
Immune cells that produce lymphocytes. |
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Term
What does the ECM contain? |
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Definition
structural carbohydrate structural proteins fibres all bathed in a ground substance (a clear, colourless fluid) |
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Term
What are the 4 functions of the ECM? |
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Definition
prevents cells moving around regulate the movement of cells some ECM attracts water, which can give structure contain structural carbs, proteins and fibres |
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Term
What are glycosaminoglycans? (GAGs) |
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Definition
structural carbohydates large unbranched polysaccharide chains produced by fibroblasts and ejected into ECM negative charge due to addtion of S)3- (except haluronic acid) Divided into 4 groups Hydrophilic (retains water and na+) forms covalent bongs with long protein to form proteoglycans |
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Term
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Definition
GAGs covalently bonded to long proteins |
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Term
What are the functions of GAGs |
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Definition
Mechanical support Regulate activites of cellular signals Facilitate cellular interactions Communicate with intracellular components |
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Term
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Definition
Structural protein Glycoprotein Exists as a dimer Dimers are joined by a pair of disulphide bonds Important in adhering cells to the ECM |
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Term
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Definition
CT fibre long stiff unbranched triple helix secreted by fibroblasts as single alpha chains 3 alpha chains combine to form a collagen firbil in the ECM |
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Term
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Definition
CT fibre 750 amino acids Allows skins, blood vessels and lungs to stretch secreted as individual elastin molecules by fibroblasts assembles into elastic fibres in ECM where cross links form |
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Term
What are the similarities between collagen and elastin? |
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Definition
Both secreted as individual chains by fibroblasts into the ECM where they assemble into respected molecules |
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Term
What are the 3 fibrocollagenous CT and what are they dependent on? |
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Definition
Dense, Areolar/Loose, Reticular. Abundance and type of the ECM and cell |
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Term
Describe Dense regular CT |
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Definition
EG Tendon parallel collagen fibres withstands force from one direction |
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Term
Describe Dense irregular CT |
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Definition
eg dermis of the skin interwoven collagen and elastic fibres withstands force from multiple directions |
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Term
Describe Areolar/loose CT |
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Definition
Eg submucosa of the intestine Abundant ground substance some collagen and elastin fibres many cell types |
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Term
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Definition
Eg. organs with high cellularity (liver) Reticulin fibrs form the fine network around epithelial cells Provides framework for specialised cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
mesenchymal progenitor cells that secrete ECM and fibres (always aggrecan). They will become trapped in it and mature into chondrocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
a cell which has secreted the matrix of cartilage and become embedded in it. |
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Term
How does cartilage get its nutrients? |
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Definition
Via diffusion. CARTILAGE IS AVASCULAR. |
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Term
Where would you find hyaline cartilage? What is it like? |
|
Definition
Nose, ribs, ends of nose, joint surfaces. Lots of aggrecan. Fairly flexible. |
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Term
Where would you find elastic cartilage? What is it like? |
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Definition
Ear, epiglottis. Flexible but returns to the same shape. |
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Term
Where would you find fibrocartilage? What is it like? |
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Definition
IVD and knee joint. Lots of collagen. Areas of high impact. Resilient. |
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Term
What are the cells involved in bones? |
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Definition
Osteoprogenitor cells then osteoblast then osteocytes. |
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Term
What are osteoprogenitor cells? |
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Definition
stem cell that gives rise to osteoblasts. |
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Term
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Definition
They carry out osteogenesis (process of making bone matrix). Once they have produced the matrix, the become entombed in it and differentiate into osteocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
Mature bone cells. Connected to other osteocytes via long processes that form gap junctions. |
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Term
How do bones get nutrients? |
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Definition
via a plentiful blood supply which serves to supply the osteocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
They are derived from macrophages, Involved in bone remodelling and reshaping. Giant multinucleated cells that resorb the osteoid (ECM). |
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Term
What are the two different bone types? |
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Definition
Outer compact bone and inner spongy bone. |
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Term
What does compact bone make up and what is it made up of? |
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Definition
Forms the outershell of all bone and shafts in long bones. Resists weight and movement stress. Made up of osteons (rod like units that run longitudually within the bone). |
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Term
What do the osteons surround in compact bone? |
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Definition
A central canal that has a longitudal artery and vein that delivers nutrients and removed waste products from the tissue. |
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Term
What is spongy tissue mad eup of and where is it located? |
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Definition
Irregular lattice known as trabaculae. Located in places where stress is received from multiple directions that reduce skeleton weight. |
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Term
What is Ricketts caused from? |
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Definition
Vitamin D deficiency and/or impaired metabolism or hypocalcemia. |
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Term
|
Definition
Bone softening (bow legs) increased likelihood of fractures dental problems/soft skull |
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Term
What is the treatment for Ricketts? |
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Definition
Improved diet (ca2+, P-, Vit D) Vit D supplements Sunlight |
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Term
What is Ehlers Danlos Syndrome? |
|
Definition
Inherited CT disorder caused by a defect in collagen synthesis. Mild-life threatening No cure |
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Term
What are the 2 body cavities? |
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Definition
Dorsal (houses and protects the CNS) Ventral (houses the internal organs) |
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Term
WHat are the two cavities within the dorsal cavity? |
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Definition
Cranial (surrounds brain) Vertebral (surrounds spinal cord) |
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Term
What are the two cavities within the ventral cavity and what separates them? |
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Definition
Thorax and abdominopelvic. Diaphragm |
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Term
What 6 organs are in the abdominal cavity? |
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Definition
Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Spleen Liver Gall bladder |
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Term
What are the R/L regions of the abdominopelvic cavity (from top to bottom)? |
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Definition
Hyperchondriac Lumbar Iliac |
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|
Term
What are the middle regions of the abdominopelvic cavity (from top to bottom) |
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Definition
Epigastric Umbilical Pelvic/Hypogastric |
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|
Term
|
Definition
A serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity that reduced the friction between the abdominal organs. |
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|
Term
What are the two peritoneums and how do they differ? |
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Definition
Visceral covers the external surface of most digestive organs. Parietal lines the body wall. |
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|
Term
What is the peritoneal cavity? |
|
Definition
a potential space between the visceral and parietal peritonea filled with a small amount of peritoneal fluid. |
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Term
What is the peritoneal fluid composed of? |
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Definition
water electrolytes antibodies WBCs |
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Term
What are the regions of the stomach |
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Definition
cardiac, fundus, body and pyloric region |
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Term
What are the functions of the stomach? |
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Definition
- temporary food storage - acid secretion and antibacterial action - liquefaction of stomach contents - preliminary enzymatic digestion |
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Term
What are the regions of the small intestine and where do they join other organs? |
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Definition
- duodenum (attached to pylourus of duodenum) - Jejunum - Ileum (joins large intestine at ileocaecal juntion) |
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Term
What are the functions of the small intestine? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What does the large intestine consist of? |
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Definition
caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal |
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Term
What are the functions of the large intestine? |
|
Definition
- water absorption - formation of faecal mass - secretion of mucus |
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|
Term
What are the sections of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the pancreas do? |
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Definition
- secrete enzymes into the duodenum to assist food digestion - secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels |
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Term
How to enzymes leave the pancreas? |
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Definition
They drain via the pancreatic duct, Sphincter of Oddi and enter the duodenum at the major duodenum papilla (with bile from the gall bladder via the common bile duct). |
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Term
What is the role of the liver? |
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Definition
Nutrient store converts fats to energy produces bile and albumin assists in blood clotting toxin breakdown |
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Term
Describe livers blood supply |
|
Definition
Hepatic artery (oxygenated) and hepatic portal vein (deoxygenated). Drainage from HPV which then drains into the inferior vena cava |
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Term
What is the gall bladder? |
|
Definition
organ that concentrates and stored bile produced from the liver |
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Term
Name the 4 bones that makes up the pelvis |
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Definition
Left innominate Right innominate Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae |
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|
Term
What is each innominate made up of? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What are the pelvic divisions and what separates them? |
|
Definition
Greater pelvis and lesser pelvis, seperated by the pelvic brim/inlet |
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Term
Name and describe the 3 parts of the unterine/fallopian tubes |
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Definition
Laterally (infundibulum) Ampulla (usual fertilisation site) Isthmus (narrow part) |
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Term
What are the 3 layers of the uterus? |
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Definition
Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium (out to in) |
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|
Term
What are uterine fibroids? |
|
Definition
non cancerous uterine growths (variable size and location) |
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|
Term
When is the uterus usually damaged? and why |
|
Definition
When pregnant. Uterus enlarges and rises out of pelvis can obstruct the inferior vena cava |
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|
Term
How does a mother adapt to prevent injury? |
|
Definition
increased blood volume to protect from hypovolemic shock uterus is thick and muscular and distributes force of trauma uniformally to fetus |
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|
Term
What are the male glands and what do they produce? |
|
Definition
seminal vescile -> seminal fluid prostate -> produces prostatic fluid bulbaretural -> produces pre-ejaculate |
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|
Term
What is the spermatic cord and what does it include? |
|
Definition
Attaches scrotum to the body -ductus deferens - blood vessels -nerves (enclosed in a muscular sheath) |
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Term
Describe the ejaculatory pathway |
|
Definition
testes -> ductus deferens (and seminal vesicles) -> ejaculatory ducts -> prostatic/membranous urethra -> penis
TRAV picks up DANA AND SAM and EATS DOMINOS, they PULL UP at the MEET UP and PARTY |
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Term
Describe the composition of semen |
|
Definition
Sperm (2-5%) Semen (65-75%) Prostatic fluid (25-30%) |
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Term
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Definition
Used to cut off bad prostate Resectoscope enters urethra and electrical currents heats the hoop to cut parts off. Water is flushed through to remove pieces. |
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