Term
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Definition
| cells that can self-renew in proper conditions and give rise to differentiated cells via asymmetrical division |
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Term
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Definition
| germ layer that gives rise to skin and derivatives, CNS, nueral crest |
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Term
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Definition
| germ layer that gives muscle, skeleton, kidneys, blood, connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| germ layer that gives epithelium of intestinal tract, thyroid, trachea, bronchi, lungs, liver, pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| morphogenetic movements of cells in embryo that create germ layers |
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Term
| Epithelial-mesenchymal transition |
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Definition
| point in development where tightly adhered epithelia can convert to loose, matrix encased mesenchymal cells or vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid divisions without cell growth |
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Term
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Definition
| transit through the fallopian tube, uterus in 3 days, uterine physiology changes with FSH, estrogen, LH, progesterone from Corpus Luteum, HCG |
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Term
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Definition
| 6th day the trophoblast, outer cells, attaches to endometrial epithelium, embryoblast, inner cells, separate in fluid filled cavity |
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Term
| Where are embryonic stem cells derived from? |
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Definition
| Inner cell mass, totipotent |
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Term
| How are induced pluripotent cells derived? |
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Definition
| Adult fibroblasts with introduced genes of 4 transciption factors to make it inner cell mass-like |
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Term
| During the second week the bilaminar embryonic disc develops into 3 sets of twos, what are they? |
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Definition
| Epiblast and hypoblast, synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast, the amnion and primitive yolk sac |
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Term
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Definition
| from inner cell mas, columnar cells adjacent to the amniotic cavity, all adult cells derived from epiblast epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| from inner cell mass, cuboidal cells that adjacent to blastocyst cavity, aka primitive yolk sac |
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Term
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Definition
| from trophoblast, outerlayer of multinucleated cells, secretes HCG, connects to sinusoids (maternal capillaries) |
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Term
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Definition
| from trophoblast, inner layer of cells, supplies cells to synctio layer |
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Term
| What happens during the third week of embryogenesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is an invariant body pattern developed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Elaborate on the primitive streak once it forms during gastrulation. |
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Definition
| Epithelial-mesechymal transition, epiblast cells ingress inward to form mesoderm and endoderm, those that don’t ingress become ectoderm |
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Term
| What is the primitive node and where is it? |
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Definition
| The organizing center at the anterior end of the primitive streak |
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Term
| What developmental defect causes sacrococcygeal teratomas? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false: too much ventral mesoderm in posterior primitive streak causes sirenomelia, mermaid limbs. |
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Definition
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Term
| When does the primitive streak disappear? |
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Definition
| When the anterior streak cells form dorsal mesoderm and posterior cells form ventral mesoderm. |
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Term
| Define what axial, paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate mesoderm become |
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Definition
| notochord, somite, kidney, body wall and gut |
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Term
| Define structures you see in twins from the 2 cell stage, inner cell mass stage, gastrulation |
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Definition
| 2 placentas and 2 amniotic cavities, 1 placenta and 2 amnio cavs (most common), 1 placenta and 1 amnio cavs |
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Term
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Definition
| thickening of the ectoderm induced by the mesoderm, start of neuralation |
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Term
| The neural tube forms the CNS and what 3 brain vesicles? |
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Definition
| Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain |
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Term
| How many ventricles does the brain have filled with cerebral spinal fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Failure of neural tube closure causes what? |
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Definition
| Spina bifida and execephaly |
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Term
| The lateral plate is not segmented but form two layers of mesoderm what are they what do they do? |
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Definition
| Splachnic visceral meso which surrounds organs, and somatic parietal meso which forms the body wall |
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Term
| Where does the heart and vasculature form? |
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Definition
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Term
| Somites, formed in the paraxial mesoderm, give rise to what 3 groups of cells? |
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Definition
| Sclerotome (bone, vertebral column, cartilage), myotome (muscle), dermatome (dermis) each is innervated by the CNS next to the somite |
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Term
| Endoderm has 3 divisions, fore/mid/hindgut, what do they give rise to? |
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Definition
| Esophagus, trachea, stomach, liver, pancreas; duodenum, small intestine, transverse colon; colon, rectum, urinary bladder |
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Term
| True or false: head neural crest cells migrate into pharyngeal arches and form most of the skull, face, and neck regions. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the trunk neural crest cells form? |
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Definition
| Melanocytes, schwann cells, dorsal root ganglia, autonomous nerve system (para/symapathetic) |
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Term
| What are these disease from: Hirschprung, Piebald, Waardenburg? |
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Definition
| Neural crest developmental problems |
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Term
| Length of full term pregnancy since conception and since LNMP |
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Definition
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Term
| Fetal size/weight 9 weeks, term birth size weight |
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Definition
| .25 ounce 50mm, 7.5 lbs 14in |
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Term
| What 3 hormones does the placenta produce? |
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Definition
| Progesterone, estrogen, sommatotropin |
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Term
| Tru or False: The placenta is derived from trophoblastic/chorionic tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| All major organs of fetus develop after what trimester? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fetus can survive birth at end of what trimester? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common estimate of fetal age? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major chemical determinants of fetal growth? |
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Definition
| Glucose, amino acids, insulin |
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Term
| What is the risk to the fetus of MRI and CT? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of all live births have major structural anomaly? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do major anamolies occur in late embryos? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the basic repeating packets of chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in gene expression through DNA modification/methylation as well as manipulating histones |
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Term
| Why would cancers methylate certain epigenetic pathways? |
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Definition
| To modify gene expression to gain favorable growth or suppress a tumor suppressor gene |
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Term
| What epigenetic modification leads to transcriptional silencing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do epigenetic drugs do? |
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Definition
| They attempt to modify epigenetic pathways in cancer cells by demethylating genes and therby unsilencing them |
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Term
| These three considerations, compensate for mutation, replace/inactivate mutant gene, provide a pharmacological effect for disorder(cancer), refer to what process? |
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Definition
| Gene therapy and gene medicine |
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Term
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy? |
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Definition
| Controllable but difficult to do, can access many cell types but virus could spread and lose control |
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Term
| Why are there so many types of viral vectors? |
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Definition
| Because they can be stable, transient, and require cell division |
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Term
| What are two non-viral vectors and why aren’t they used? |
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Definition
| Naked DNA and liposomes, because they have a low efficiency and have transient expression |
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Term
| What are three risks of gene therapy? |
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Definition
| Reaction to vector, activate oncogene, inactivation of essential gene |
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Term
| How is tissue differentiation in dorsal-ventral axis regulated, even at a distance? |
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Definition
| Morphogen gradients of growth factor signals released by organizing centers, BMP and Chordin |
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Term
| What is the process called where protein kinases phosphorylate transcription factors in the cytoplasm to induce transcription in the DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| A morphogen gradient can be induced by either a growth factor ______ or inhibited locally like __________? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| DNA-binding domain in Hox genes |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleac acid sequence encoding a homeodomain |
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Term
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Definition
| 39 genes from 4 complexes that orchestrate the pattern formation in the anterior-posterior axis |
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Term
| What does colinearity of the Hox gene refer to? |
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Definition
| They are arranged in the genome in the same order they are expressed, both spatially and temporally |
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Term
| How is hox gene expression activated? |
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Definition
| Retinoic acid via a nuclear receptor |
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Term
| How is a nuclear receptor different from a growth factor receptor? |
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Definition
| The growth factors induce a signal cascade which activates transcription factors, nuclear receptors are ligand (which pass through the membrane) activated transcription factors |
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Term
| Where do adult stem cells reside? |
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Definition
| Specialized niches, like bone marrow, adipose |
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Term
| Are adult stem cells totipotent? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is a knockout mouse? |
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Definition
| A mouse who genes have been altered/mutated/added to study disease pathology or embryological changes |
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Term
| How is a knockout mouse created? |
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Definition
| loxP-cre for cell specific recombination or embryonic cells are introduced to mutated genes via homologous recombo which creates chimeric animal then offspring analyzed for trait |
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Term
| How do transgenic mice mirror human disease? |
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Definition
| By giving them traits to model various types of disease like cancer |
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Term
| Which weeks of development involve these stages of morphogenesis: implantation, embryogenesis, fetal period? |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage during implantation usually results in what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage during embryogenesis usually affects what? |
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Definition
| Multiple organs and malformations |
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Term
| Disruption and deformations occur during what period? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are these indicators of in a chemical: infertility, spon abortions, growth deficiency, alterations of morphogenesis, alteration of organ system function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors affect teratogenicity? |
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Definition
| Dose, timing, host susceptibility, interactions with other environmental factors |
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Term
| How many categories of teratogens are there and what are they? |
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Definition
| 4, infectious, physical, drugs, maternal diseases |
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Term
| Define these types of abnormal morphogenesis: Malformation, deformation, disruption, dysplasis. |
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Definition
| Abnormal formation of structure, impact of mechanical forces on normal structure, destruction of previously normal structure, normal structures made out of abnormal tissue |
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Term
| Describe the functional subdivisions of the nervous system. |
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Definition
| The sensory composed of somatic and visceral, and the motor composed of ANS and somatic |
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Term
| Describe the structural subdivisions of the nervous system. |
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Definition
| The CNS composed of the brain and spinal chord, and the PNS which includes the ANS, nerves(cranial/spinal), and ganglia |
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Term
| Describe the basic structure and function of neurons. |
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Definition
| Composed of dendrite, cell body, and axons; functions to transfer signals |
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Term
| Describe the function of glial cells |
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Definition
| non-nueronal cells that myelinate neuronal axons. Oligodendrocytes in the CNS, schwann in the PNS |
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Term
| What is the difference between oligodendrocytes and schwann cells? |
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Definition
| Oligos in CNS and processes surround many axons, schwann processes myelinate only 1 axon |
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Term
| Describe the 4 basic structures of the brain. |
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Definition
| Cerebrum(FPOT), diencephalons(thalamus,hypothal), brainstem(midbrain,pons,medulla), cerebellum |
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Term
| Describe the 4 basic regions of the spine. |
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Definition
| Cervical thoracic lumbar sacral |
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Term
| Where if the location of grey and white matter in the brain and spine? |
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Definition
| Brain-grey out, white in; spine- white out, grey in |
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Term
| Difference between grey and white matter? |
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Definition
| Grey is cell bodies, white is myelinated axons |
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Term
| What is the difference between the dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal column? |
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Definition
| Dorsal = sensory neurons, ventral = motor |
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Term
| What does the central canal of the spinal chord contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| The pia, arachnoid, and dura mater are what? |
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Definition
| Meninges covering the CNS and regulate flow of CSF |
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Term
| Which “mater” is wraps the brain and spinal chord? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the special membrane in the ventricles of the brain that make CSF? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the flow and removal of CSF. |
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Definition
| Choroid plexus, ventricles(1-4), subarachnoid space, dural veinous sinuses, blood |
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Term
| Where do the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves innervate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two components form the spinal nerve? |
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Definition
| The dorsal sensory nerves, and ventral motor nerves |
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Term
| Describe the structure and function of a psuedounipolar neuron. |
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Definition
| Cell body, peripheral process(body), central process (CNS); sensory neuron derived from neural crest cells |
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Term
| Describe the function of a somatic motor neuron. |
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Definition
| Multipolar neural cell controls muscles, with dendrites, cellbody, axons derived from neural tube |
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Term
| Where is the cell body located for somatic motor and somatic sensory cells? |
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Definition
| Dorsal root ganglion in spine and grey matter nuclei in brain, ventral horn |
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Term
| Describe the neuromuscular junction. |
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Definition
| Motor unit (1 axon + muscle fibers) synapse of motor neuron fires Ach, sarcolemma nicotinic receptors fire, ion channels, muscle depolarization |
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Term
| What are these mechano/noci/thermo/proprioreceptors? |
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Definition
| Somatic sensory receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| the area of cutaneous innervation provided by a single dorsal root and ganglion |
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Term
| Why is a dermatome map used to diagnose dorsal root lesions? |
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Definition
| It can identify sources of nerve problems by sections |
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Term
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Definition
| Stims the LH receptor on corpus luteum to maintain it and keep the luteum creating progesterone which maintains uterine lining |
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Term
| What are the 3 discriminating features of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? |
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Definition
| Thin upper lip, smooth philtrum, short palpebral fissues |
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Term
| Why is transplanting embryonic cells riskier than chord blood stem cells? |
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Definition
| Embryonic cells more likely to develop into tumor |
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Term
| Is genomic imprinting a mechanism of epigenetic inheritance? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are histone actelyases involved in gene silencing? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| It inhibits the progesterone receptor, making the uterus unviable for the fetus. |
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Term
| How does a transgenic mouse differ from a knockout/in mice or conditional mutant mice? |
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Definition
| It does not require homologous recombination of the ES to create one. |
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