Term
| Describe the nuclear abnormalities-Hypersegmentation of neutrophils-description, composition, caused by, seen in, indication |
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Definition
Neutrophil with 6 or more lobes
Seen in: megaloblastic anemias and chronic infections |
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Term
| Describe cytoplasmic abnormalities-Toxic granulation-description, composition, caused by, seen in, indication |
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Definition
Degenerative change
Description: Large, dark granules in the cytoplasm of neutrophils
Composition of granules: Primary granules
Caused by: Altered membranes of primary granules
Seen in: bacterial infections, certain inflammatory conditins, burns, cancer, toxic drugs |
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Term
| Describe cytoplasmic abnormalities-Vacuolization or cytoplasmic vacuoles-description, composition, caused by, seen in, indication |
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Definition
Description: Bubbles or open area (holes) within the cytoplasm of neutrophils
Seen in: bacterial infections, burns, cancer, toxic drugs & inflammatory conditions
Evidence of phagocytic activity |
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Term
| Describe cytoplasmic abnormalities-Auer rods-description, composition, caused by, seen in, indication |
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Definition
Description: Red to purple small rods
Number: Can be single or in bubbles
***Found within cytoplasm of blast cells
Composition:fused primary granules |
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Term
| Describe cytoplasmic abnormalities-Adler-Reilly-description, composition, caused by, seen in, indication |
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Definition
Description: Purple to red granules seen in a leukocytes
Seen in hereditary Alder-Reilly anomaly
Easily confused with toxic granules
Blood cells function normally |
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Term
| Describe cytoplasmic abnormalities-Chediak-Higashi syndrom-description, composition, caused by, seen in, indication |
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Definition
Description: Very large bluish granules appear in neutrophils and lymphocytes
Cells do not function normally-they engulf but do not kill microorganisms
Seen in:Chediak-Higashi syndrom - a rare hereditary disorder |
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Term
| Describe the nuclear abnormalities-Hyposegmentation of neutrophils-description, composition, caused by, seen in, indication |
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Definition
Description: Neutrophils with 2 or fewer lobes
-Often peanut or dumbbell
-Bi lobed nucleus connected by thin strand of chromatin
Seen in: Genetic, benign condition called Pelger-Huet anomaly
-1 in 5000 individuals
Significance of recognizing this anomaly lies in differentiating the benign anomaly from bands |
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Term
| Describe the nuclear abnormalities-Pyknotic(pyknosis)-description, composition, caused by, seen in, indication |
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Definition
Also known as degenerating nuclei
Related to apoptosis - found in dying neutrophils
Description: Nuclear degeneration appearing as an exploded nucleus (dense)-dark staining spheres
Seen in: infections, artifact (old blood - cell death), malignancies, normal |
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Term
| Describe cytoplasmic abnormalities-Dohle bodies-description, composition, caused by, seen in, indication |
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Definition
Degenerative change
Description: Pale blue; round, oval or rod shaped (cigar shaped) inclusions in the cytoplasm of neutrophil and eosinophils
Number: single or multiple
Composition: ribosomal RNA
Seen in: bacterial infections, burns, cancer, toxic drugs, inflammatory conditions, May-Hegglin anomaly |
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Term
| Describe cytoplasmic abnormalities-May-Hegglin-description, composition, caused by, seen in, indication |
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Definition
Description: Dohle-like inclusions in mature WBCs
-consist of RNA from rough ER
May-Hegglin inclusions can be distinguished from Dohle bodies because they are usually larger & more round shapped
Cells fx normally
Patients have decreased platelet count & giant platelets-therefore they may exhibit abnormal bleeding |
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Term
| Describe cytoplasmic abnormalities-Degranulation-description, composition, caused by, seen in, indication |
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Definition
Absence of granules in more mature neutrophils
Seen: in infections |
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Term
| Describe other leukocyte abnormalities-Basket cell-description, composition, caused by, seen in, indication |
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Definition
Nuclear remnants from smear preparation
Description: Appear as long, flowing basket like nuclear remnants
-Reddish, purple in color |
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Term
| Describe other leukocyte abnormalities-Smudge cells-description, composition, caused by, seen in, indication |
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Definition
Artifact produced in preparation of a blood smear
Appears as only smudged nucleus w/ no cell membrane or granules
Common in chronic lymphocytic leukemia due to increased cell fragility |
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Term
| Describe other leukocyte abnormalities-Presence of bacteria-description, composition, caused by, seen in, indication |
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Definition
Bacteria (cocci or bacilli) will stain purple & usually engulfed in neutrophils
This is a significant finding & must be reported
Seen in septicemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe decrease in all of the blood cells in the peripheral blood |
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Term
| Panhypercellular definition |
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Definition
| Increase in all of the blood cells in the peripheral blood |
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Term
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Definition
| The production of leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in the total WBC count |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease in the total WBC |
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Term
| Granulopoiesis definition |
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Definition
| Production of monocytes & granulocytes |
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Term
| Granulocytopenia definition |
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Definition
| A decrease in granulocytes |
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Term
| Granulocytosis definition |
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Definition
| An increase in granulocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the number of neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in the number of neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the number of eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in the number of eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the number of basophils |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in the number of basophils |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in the total number of lymphocytes |
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Term
| Lymphocytopenia definition |
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Definition
| Decrease in the total number of lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the number of monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in the number of monocytes |
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Term
| What is a WBC differential and its importance |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe a 3-part differential |
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Definition
-Is 1) granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils combined) 2) lymphocytes and 3) monocytes
-Done more in small labs & physician office labs |
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Term
| Describe a 5-part differential |
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Definition
-Is 1) neutrophils, 2) basophils, 3) eosinophils, 4) lymphocytes, & 5) monocytes
-Routine inmost hospital lab |
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Term
| Explain how a WBC differential can be preformed on an automated instrument |
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Definition
Electrical impedance - size
Laser - Size & complexity of cytoplasm
Radio waves - Differentiate cells based on complexity |
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Term
| Explain how a WBC differential can be preformed manually |
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Definition
Manual differential usually performed when certain criteria are met based on the automated differential
Doctor can order manual WBC differential-Leukemia patient
Peripheral blood smear is made
Stained with Wright stain
Tech must count & identify 100 WBC |
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Term
| Differentiate relative counts from absolute counts |
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Definition
Relative count is the percentage of neutrophils (lymph, mono. etc) out of 100
Absolute count is the total number of neutrophils compared w/ total number of leukocytes |
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Term
| Calculate absolute cell count from data provided |
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Definition
determined by multiplying the percentage of a cell from a manual differential times the total WBC count
Ex. 40% x 3.8x10^9/L=1.5 |
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Term
| Interpret WBC test results that correspond to leukocytes using correct terminology and give possible cause |
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Definition
1. Examine WBC count
2. Examine the differential results
3. Abnormal WBC morphology & cells (manual differential) |
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Term
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Definition
-4.5x10^9/L - 11.5x10^9/L
-4.5x10^3 L - 11.5x10^3 L |
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Term
| When you examine WBC differential you look for |
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Definition
- Increase in cell types
- Decrease in cell types
- Immature cells
- Nucleated RBCs
- Atypical lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
- Inflammation
- Bacterial infection
- Myelocytic leukemia |
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Term
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Definition
- viral infections (atypical lymphocytes)
- chronic inflammatory conditions (atypical lymphocytes)
- lymphocytic luekemias (increased mature and immature)
- **Increased in atypical lymphocytes in a young adult or teenager can indicate infectious mononucleosis, a viral illness |
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Term
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Definition
- during recovery phase from acute infections
- TB
_ monocytic leukemia |
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Term
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Definition
- allergies
- parasites
- granulocytic leukemia |
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Term
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Definition
Whooping cough
Granulocytic leukemias
Severe allergic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
Acute viral infections
bone marrow damage
overwhelming infection (bm exhausted)
Chemotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
Radiation poisoning
cortical steroids
sepsis |
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Term
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Definition
Immature cell
immature granulocytic cell not normally found in pb are present
These cells are counted and included in the WBC differential
Blasts are not differential |
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Term
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Definition
More lymphs than segs
lymphocytocic and neutropenia |
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Term
| Explain why a corrected WBC must be reported on a patient w/ greater than 10 nucleated RBC |
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Definition
| To see if it is correcting for anemia |
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Term
| Calculate corrected WBC counts from data provided |
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Definition
| (WBC count x 100)/(100 + # of NRBCs) |
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