Term
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Definition
| rate at which water passes through the pore space of a rock |
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Term
| Shaping + sorting of particles are factors in |
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Definition
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Definition
| % of a mineral's volume that is pore space. |
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Term
| What are the factors that affect how much water can percolate into the ground? |
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Definition
| type of rock or soil, climate, topography, vegetation, and land use |
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Term
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Definition
| the rock + soil material that can hold water |
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Term
| What does percolation do? |
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Definition
| helps water enter the earth where it is stored as groundwater |
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Term
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Definition
| the water under the surface of the Earth |
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Term
| Name the four freshwater sources? |
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Definition
| rivers, springs, lakes, and groundwater |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the ground where all the pore spaces are filled |
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Term
| the upper surface of the zone of saturation is called the _____ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a section of the ground that can hold water but air can enter, which is between the water table and the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| where water rises because the water molecules are attracted to the soil particles |
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Term
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Definition
| the interaction between the soil particles and the water |
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Term
| True or false: the water table's distance from the surface is fixed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the water table important? |
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Definition
| seepage of the water from the water table keeps rivers and streams flowing between rains and mountains lake and swamp levels, and supplies drinking water to springs and human-made wells |
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Term
| Drilling and digging gets humans ________ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| On a hillside where the water table meets the surface, groundwater may flow out of a ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| water heats up and rises to the surfaces in fissures and cracks in what? |
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Definition
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Term
| A hot spring that shoots columns of hot water and steam into the air is a what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| where fairly recent volcanic eruptions have occured, groundwater is released as steam, along with other gases, from fissures in the ground |
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Term
| A spring with a high concentration of mineral matter is called a what? |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ form in limestone bedrock |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is a calcite deposit formed from dripping water in caverns |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| are slender deposits that hang from the roof of a cavern |
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Term
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Definition
| rounded blunt masses that form on the cavern floor. When the two meet, dripstone columns form. |
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Term
| ____ __________ is characterized by sinkholes, sinkhole pond, lost rivers, and underground drainage |
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Definition
| karst topography (forms in areas with bedrock made of calcite such as limestone) |
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Term
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Definition
| Rain running down a slope eventually reaches a permanent body of running water such as a stream. This stream may run into another stream or river (the actual tributary) |
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Term
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Definition
| is the breaking down of rock due to the response to mechanical and chemical processes |
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Term
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Definition
| disintegration, that takes place when rock is split or broken into smaller pieces of the same material without changing its composition |
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Term
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Definition
| comon in places where temperatures vary from below freezing to above freezing |
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Term
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Definition
| moving sand, pebbles, and large rocks grind or scrape against one another, this wears away the rock |
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Term
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Definition
| the upqard expansion of rocks that are formed deep underground become exposed when it is lifted up |
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Term
| exfoliation forms rounded mountain peaks are called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| occurs almost everywhere because water or water vapor is found almost everywhere |
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Term
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Definition
| the chemical weathering by reaction of water with other substances |
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Term
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Definition
| carbonic acidd has a greater effect on calcite in limestone, the calcite dissolves completely forming hollowed out caverns |
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Term
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Definition
| the chemical reation of oxygen with other substances |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of the surface area exposed to mechanical and chemical weathering increases the rate of weathering |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate at which a rock weathers depends on the type of weathering it is exposed |
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Term
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Definition
| another factor that affaects weathering processes |
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Term
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Definition
| made of loose, weathered rock and organic material in which plants with roots can grow |
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Term
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Definition
| achieved by the mechanical and chemical weathering of rocks. Soil consists of air, water, minerals form rocks, and organic materials |
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Term
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Definition
| the material from which soil is formed |
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Term
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Definition
| soil whose parent material is the bedrock beneath the soil |
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Term
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Definition
| soil that has been deposited by wind, rovers, and glaciers have covered the bedrock |
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Term
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Definition
| a cross-section of earth exposed by digging |
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Term
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Definition
| in mature soils, there are three distinct zone called horizons which can be seen in the soil profile |
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Term
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Definition
| the litter layer of relatively un-decomposed plant material |
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Term
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Definition
| called topsoil. Topsoil is gray to black in color. It tends to darker than soil in other horizons because it usually contains humus. |
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Term
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Definition
| the organic material that forms from decayed plant and animal materials |
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Term
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Definition
| begins with the subsoil, The subsoil is usually red or brown from the iron oxides that formed in A-horizon and have been washed down into B-horizon |
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Term
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Definition
| made of slightly weathered parent material such as rock fragments |
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Term
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Definition
of the parent material lies directly beneath C- horizon.
(unweathered bedrock) |
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Term
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Definition
| is the removal and transport of material by natural agents such as wind, and running water |
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Term
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Definition
refer to the downward transportation of materials by gravity.
Mass movement continually exposes fresh bedrock to weathering, thus speeding up weathering processes |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the rock fragments that have been weathered from a cliff and pulled down by gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| is term commonly used for the movement of a mass bedrock or loose soil and rock down a slope of a hill, mountain or cliff |
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Term
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Definition
| is a slow, imperceptible movement of soil down a slope |
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Term
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Definition
| sometimes blocks of land tilt and hill downhill along a surface that curves into a slope |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a mass of weathered material has been saturated with water flows downhill |
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Term
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Definition
| is the rapid movement of water that contains large amounts of suspended and clay and silt |
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Term
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Definition
| Rivers and streams, glaciers, wind and ocean waves and currents |
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Term
| exfoliation forms rounded mountain peaks called ___________ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| occurs almost everywhere because water or water vapor is almost everywhere, chemical weathering chnages the composition of the rock |
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Term
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Definition
| the chemical weathering by reaction of water with other substances |
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Term
| _________ is the chemical reation of oxygen with other substances |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the am't of the surface area exposed to M + C weathering increases the rate of weathering |
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Term
| _______ is another factor that affects weathering processes |
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Definition
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Term
| Soil is made of _____, _________ ____ and _______ ________ in which plants with roots can groq |
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Definition
| loose, weathered rock and organic material |
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Term
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Definition
| achieved by the M + C weathering of rocks. |
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Term
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Definition
| the material from which soil is formed |
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Term
| When a stream runs into another river and that river is called a _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ is the steepness of the slope of the stream or river |
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Definition
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Term
| Velocity is related to the am't of ______ the water has |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ of a stream or river is the am't of water that passes a certain point in a given amount of time |
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Definition
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Term
| The formation of a river begins on a _____ scale |
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Definition
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Term
| Canyons, gorges, of chasms tend to form in regions with ____ rainfall |
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Definition
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Term
| What valleys are v-shaped? |
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Definition
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Term
| When a river flows over its bank, this is called a |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ rivers are constantly changing |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A delta is a fan-shaped deposit that forms when a river into a quiet or large body of water, such as a lake, an ocean, or an inland sea |
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Term
| Rock materials and sediments that are transported by rivers and streams are eventually _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most effective agent of erosion |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the path through which the water flows in a stream or river? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the steepness of the slope of the stream or river? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ _____ or _________ of a river includes all the land that drains into the river either directly or through its tributes |
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Definition
| drainage basin or watershed |
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