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| Newton's three laws of motion |
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Definition
object at rest will remain at rest in objects in motion will remain in motion as long as no other force exact exerted onto the object
-force exerted on an object equals its mass times acceleration produced-F=ma
-for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
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Term
| atmospheric forces that cause wind to below |
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Definition
1. Pressure gradient force-high-pressure versus low-pressure* air always wants to move from high to low to equalize
2. Carolis force-deflection caused by rotating object-greatest at the poles*C.F. only affects wind of direction NOT windspeed..*in the North hemisphere CF causes rightward direction
>>>> Amount of deflection depends upon-1. Rotation of the earth. 2. Latitude 2. Objects speed ( the greater the speed the greater the force)
3. Friction-wind blowing across the Earth's surface and against other air molecules.
* a it is due to these forces that hurricane will never cross the equator |
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Term
| geostrophic wind ( upper in mid atmosphere) |
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Definition
it is the exact balance of PGF and CF which allows no friction
-it's a theoretical horizontal wind blowing in a straight path, parallel to isobars at a constant speed |
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Definition
allows atmosphere to stay in place
-in the vertical, exact balance between vertical pressure gradient force and gravity. Thunderstorms test this theory |
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Term
| measuring and determining wind (characterized by, instruments) |
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Definition
ballot rule-turn your back towards the wind high-pressure will be to your right and the low will be to your left
characterized by: direction, speed ( two men average a.k.a. sustained wind). gustiness (instantaneous peak). Prevailing wind ( average wind direction). Wind roses
Instrument:wind vain (30ft as), anemometer ( 30 feet AS), profilers, Winsock, radar, runs on, ultrasonic when detectors... aerovane ( combo of wind vain in anemometer) |
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Definition
front – boundary between air masses (zones of low-pressure)
frontolysis-where front is dying
frontogenisus-where front is forming |
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Definition
| winds shift in veering. When colder air actually advances to a region formerly occupied by warmer weather**forces a fast uplift of air***most dynamic** symbol is blue triangles |
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| when surface position of a threat moves such that warmer air occupies the territory of colder air... Low possibility of a severe weather but can bring upon tornadoes and hurricanes |
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Definition
| symbol is opposing blue triangles and red circles... Little forward movement of either air mass usually seen in upper level winds that are parallel to the surface frontal boundary...can result in a flash flood |
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Definition
| red half circles and triangles... And what a cold front overtakes a warm front in the vicinity of a surface low-pressure zone... Common in the North United States |
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not front!!! a because there is no pressure change.. Is the boundary between cT ( hot, dry air) and the mT him and him (warm, moist) air masses
-found over the plains states tx^
_molecular weight of Continental Tropic air is heavier then Maritime Tropic airso when this feature moves East a dry line lift occurs in thunderstorms can occur...
AZ (CT)>> Gulf (MT)^^^<<< moist air will lift |
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Term
| what is weather forecasting |
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Definition
** weather forecasting is predicting how the stated atmosphere will change over time. To be able to forecast the weather, current weather information over a large area must be known.
Forecasting weather is like putting a puzzle together |
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Term
| weather forecasting tools-satellite |
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Definition
geostationary-- geologically stationed 22,000 feet anchored above the same location
-polar orbiting-orbits the Earth's Meridian at 532 miles above the surface and is used in climate surveys.. There three satellites and one is always on reserve |
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Term
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Definition
visible-a monochromic view of what you can see from space, LIT by the sun.only available a daytime( downside) county lines can be added
infrared imagery-cold is yellow/red and is taken by the cloud top temperature
water vapor-shows net and high-level moisture... Low, warm clouds are not shown in image looks milky white |
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Definition
the for radar increases with height and reflectivity is shown
-on the velocity radar high speeds towards the radar green and red is moving away from the radar |
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Definition
radar can be seen in green yellow red and blue... Largest amount of rainfall is in red
radial velocity-velocity, radar going to/away from the radar: indicated in red's away and greens to |
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Term
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Definition
1. Cone of silence-area above radar similar to a flashlight-- it's a location were no data is available
-with transfer radar: there is height
-modes:1. Clear air( bugs and insects can be seen because of its increased sensitivity)vs. precipitation
... To make up for these cones of silence a composite radar is what is seen on TV |
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Term
| surface weather observation data |
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Definition
| can be found at airports it is a collection of many different instruments to determine the weather specifically for airports... Knows everything cloud direction speed etc. they also keep climate records as well |
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Term
| service weather observations him |
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Definition
taken at thousands of locations around the world on an hourly basis ( airports, military bases, ships etc.) him observations can be automated, automated with manual augmentation or manual
ASOS-cannot observe hail, tornadoes, snow or sleet..example-Camp Mayberry no human augmentation.. Also used for battles of the world |
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Definition
Rawinsonds-balloon release two times daily
profilers-him a radar pointed up... Not as frequent or as detailed as Rawinsondes |
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| world meteorology organizations |
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Definition
radio, TV, Internet,newspaper
AMS& NWA -radio/TV-seal of approval programs.... Volunteer programs not Leavell they are judged by peers based on performance
AMS certified-broadcast meteorologist |
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Definition
| Winds with height or time ...shift and clockwise manner,if packing wind if counterclockwise with time and height |
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| scales atmospheric motion |
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Definition
microscale – dust around side of buildings, dust devils
mesoscale-most commonly forecasted size of small towns to several states, observation of whether and severe weather
macro scale-synoptic(weather map)-USA seen in hurricanes
global scale-hard to tell |
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Term
| single cell atmospheric circulation model ( Hadley cell) |
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Definition
| simple enough created by George Hadley-with higher pressure at the poles sinking air followed southward from the polar regions one thing gets to the equator it rises... High-pressure at poles... Low-pressure at each equator... High at the tropics( Cancer Capricorn) low at the artic and anartic circles |
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| geographic air pressure during seasons |
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Definition
in the warm season ***high-pressure is overwater in low-pressure is overland
in the cold season-low-pressure zero water in high-pressure zero land
* is has to do the unequal heating of the land and water |
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Definition
| strong mainly upper level steering winds... In a jetstream the strongest when is in the center of the ribbon of air acts as a river...***** these upper-level winds in many cases helped steer the surface weather as they move the fronts |
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Definition
| found best at 30,000 feet( 300 mbar) above surface-level... Their job is to get rid of the excess cold air from the polls in bring it towards the equator |
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Definition
| found vested 38,500 feet above sea level*** their job the Sierra to the excess warm air from the equator him push it towards the poles.. This can produce wet weather |
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| these are very unusual jet streams usually for thousand to 10,000 feet above sea level- they produce strong winds and is a source of the moisture and energy for storm to develop |
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Definition
surface waters of the oceans tend to move with surface winds
-upwelling mainly seen in the West Coast is the coldest water comes to the shore due to wind direction moving parallel to the coast
*** oceans dispersed cold and hot water like the jet streams do with air |
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Term
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Definition
La Niña-- very colder than average equatorial water temperature.. Witness Latini occurred there is high-pressure among the coast fishing westward towards the low-pressure zone.
El Niño-this brought warmer than average equatorial water temperatures to the coast of South America...… In this instance there was low-pressure on the coast and high-pressure pushing eastward towards the low-pressure
*** this cause global pattern changes the subtopics jetstream pushed this he towards the polls hitting US causing flooding in this cycle tends to happen every 3 to 7 years and it's usually unpredictable there are many more oscillations this is just to of them |
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Term
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Definition
seabreeze daytime-high-pressure above the water low-pressure of of the land the cool water produces a cold breeze onto land where warms up turns into clouds goes back towards the ocean cools down in the cycle occurs over again.... The land will heat quicker
land breeze--- this produces clouds over the water because the water retains warm heat from the day while the land which is a cool breeze into the ocean evaporation occurs clouds over ocean cool air goes back to land in drops to the ground |
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Definition
Valley breeze daytime-values are colder and levels go up the mountain where they produce clouds at the tip tops that come together and go back downward towards the Valley.. Similar to hi-pressure
mountain breeze nighttime-clouds form in center above the valley similar to a low-pressure model wins will go down the mountain slopes converts together and cause an uproar when that produces clouds on top of Valley |
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Definition
seasonal Winship that often brings rain seen in India and Southeast Asia
the winter monsoon is were high-pressure forms over India and pushes outwards towards the Indian Ocean
summer monsoon-were low pressure forms ever India and wind shifts inland
Baja monsoonArizona – intense daytime heating no moisture no clouds or rain a thermal load develops in July and August the thermal low creates baby monsoons that pick up rain off the Baja Peninsula and bring them inland producing rain |
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| cold downslope when due to gravity.. Can be quite destructive.. Seen in Greenland and Antarctica.. Referred to as the serial in the outs |
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Definition
"snow wetter"
this is a warm downslope wind and is usually seen it on the eastern slopes of the Rockies.. |
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Definition
| warm East dry downslope wind in tally most common in the fall largely due to the high sea levels in the deserts in the low sea levels on the coast and the various mountains in-between |
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Definition
| strongly causes when note is the have boob in North Africa/India seen on a small scale is a dust devil |
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| rapid changes in wind direction or speed in a small area either horizontal or vertical example of this can be the jet streams, fronts, and tornadoes |
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Definition
| seen as a "mass of air"characterized by homogeneous, and physical properties like temperature and humidity |
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Term
| North American air masses |
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Definition
A or cA-originates errand icecaps of the Arctic Circle it is extremely cold and dry
cP-produces lower temperatures originates over Canada and produces dry and cold winds... This is also responsible for the Lake affect seen in the Michigan lakes
mP-originates over the water in the Pacific is reason for Seattle having much father rain cold drizzle produces low temperatures
mT originates over water seen in Austin and in the gulf. .its Warm humid air
cT-this is a rare when it originates in North Mexico and Southwest US and it's very hot and dry |
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Term
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Definition
front seven rate air masses
in order to the front the upper-level winds need to be perpendicular to push that wind in a different direction |
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Term
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Definition
front seven rate air masses
in order to the front the upper-level winds need to be perpendicular to push that wind in a different direction |
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