Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| prostaglandin involved in enhanced vasoconstriction |
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Term
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Definition
| causes vasoconstriction/vasospasm for 20 minutes following injury |
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Term
| Step 1 primary hemostasis |
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Definition
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Term
| Step 2 primary hemostasis |
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Definition
| formation of platelet plug |
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Term
| Arrest of bleeding; prevention of blood loss. |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of blood clot formation. |
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Definition
| coagulation. ~3 - 7 minutes |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of a fibrin clot, or coagulation. ~3 - 10 minutes |
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Term
| Final stage of clot formation |
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Definition
| Clot retraction, occurs when the components of the fibrin clot (paltelet plug, fibrin strands, trapped red blood cells) are compressed to form a firm clot. takes ~1 hr |
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Term
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Definition
petechiae
purpura
ecchymoses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| platelet count less than 100k/mm3 |
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Term
| thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) |
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Definition
| platelet aggregations in microcirculation (the tiny vessels) which produce an ischemic state and target order dysfunction |
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Term
| Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) |
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Definition
| autoimmune disorder --> platelets complexed and destroyed |
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Term
| Heparin-Inuced Thrombocyotpenia (HIT) |
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Definition
antibodies complex w/heparin & plt factor 4; plt consumption, thrombin activation, increased TF; decreased platelets, hypercoaguable state
ex: 1 week after heparin therapy, platelets crash; treat? stop heparin
30% mortality |
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Term
|
Definition
plts greater than 400k
essential thrombocytosis --> myeloproliferation |
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Term
| Altered Platelet Function |
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Definition
#s are normal, but function is abnormal
Look at bleeding time to diagnose.
Inherited (rare) or acquired (aspirin therapy) |
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Term
|
Definition
Hemophilia A
Hemophilia B (Christmas Disease)
Hemophilia C
von Willebrand |
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Term
|
Definition
Factor VIII deficiency
most prevalent, most severe |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Deficiency of Factor VIII carrier protein
impaired platelet adhesion and decreased factoring activity |
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Term
|
Definition
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
always secondary to some other disease process |
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Term
| Pharm and Hemostasis and Coag |
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Definition
Coagulation --> anticoagulants
Platelets --> anti-platelet drugs
Fibrinolysis --> fibrinolytics |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Vitamin K, FFP (takes a couple days) |
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Term
| irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase |
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Definition
aspirin
for life of platelet (7 days) |
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Term
| irreversibly inhibits ADP receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| reversibly blocks GP 2b/3a receptors |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries |
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Term
| Every drug used to treat arrhythmias causes arrhythmias. T or F? |
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Definition
| True--they are proarrhythmic |
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Term
|
Definition
sinus rhythm
ventricular fibrillation
ventricular tachycardia
atrial fibrillation |
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Term
| Voltage-gated ion channels |
|
Definition
| open and close in response to depolarization; triggered by binding of NT which opens the channel, allowing Na+ ion influx |
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Term
| AP of Ventricular Cell: 5 Phases (all drug targets) |
|
Definition
Phase 0 – depolarization (Na+ in)
Phase 1 – (partial) repolarization
Phase 2 – plateau (Ca2+ in, K+ out)
Phase 3 – repolarization (K+ out)
Phase 4 – stable potential (RMP) |
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Term
| Intrinsic Pacemaker Rates |
|
Definition
Sinus: 60 - 100/min (220 - age = stress heartrate)
AV Junction: 40 - 60/min
Ventricular: 20 - 40/min |
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Term
|
Definition
PR < 0.20 seconds
QRS 0.10 and less
ST segment: isoelectric (baseline)
T wave: upright (most leads) |
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Term
|
Definition
| alter QT interval--> can cause arrhythmia |
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Term
| 3 major types of dysrhythmia |
|
Definition
1. abnormal rates of sinus rhythm
2. abnormal sites (ectopic) of impulse initiation
3. disturbances in conduction pathways
(not mutually exclusive) |
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Term
| Dysrhythmias initiated by three types of depolarizing (action potential) mechanisms |
|
Definition
1. Abnormal automaticity
2. Triggered activity from depolarization
3. Reentrant circuits |
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Term
| reentry associated mostly with |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Depolarization in the atria |
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Term
|
Definition
| Depolarization of the ventricles |
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Term
|
Definition
| Repolarization of the ventricles |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (drugs and electrolyte imbalances) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Abnormal site of impulse initiation |
|
Definition
Initiation of cardiac impulse at a site other than the SA node
- if SA node failure--good!
- if overriding SA node--bad! |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| associated with athlete's sudden cardiac death |
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Term
|
Definition
Class II: Beta Blocker -- nonselective beta-adrenergic antagonist
blocks beta receptors everywhere
slows heart |
|
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Term
| amiodarone (Cordarone, Pacerone) |
|
Definition
Class III: K Channel Blocker
blue skin, blindness, toxicities, long half-life |
|
|
Term
verapamil (Calan, Isoptin, Verelan)
diltiazem (Cardizem) |
|
Definition
| Class IV: Calcium Channel Blockers |
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Term
|
Definition
| termination of paroxysmal SVT |
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Term
|
Definition
heart failure and supraventricular dysrhythmias
cardiotoxicity
long half-life
protein bound
old drug |
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Term
|
Definition
Muscarinic Antagonist
anti-cholinergic,; blocks muscarinic receptors
treats symptomatic bradycardia
dries out |
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Term
| Adverse effects “anti-cholinergic effects” |
|
Definition
Xerostomia (dry mouth)
Blurred vision and photophobia
Elevation of intraocular pressure
Urinary retention
Constipation
Anhidrosis
Tachycardia
Asthma |
|
|
Term
| coronary heart disease (CHD) |
|
Definition
| CHD is characterized by insufficient delivery of oxygenated blood to the myocardium due to atherosclerotic coronary arteries (CADs) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
bad apolipoprotein
on all the bad molecules (chylomicron, very-low -density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate -density (IDL), (LDL) |
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Term
| Triggering event of atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
| LDL becomes oxidized and bores into vessel wall |
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Term
| HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor |
|
Definition
statins, stop cholesterol synthesis pathway
may elevate HDL
reduce triglyceride
promote plaque stability and reduce risk for CV events |
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Term
| statins atorvastatin (Lipitor), simvastatin (Zocor) lower |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
Common
Headache
Rash
GI disturbances
Rare
Myopathy/rhabdomyolysis
Hepatotoxicity
Peripheral neuropathy |
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Term
|
Definition
decreases production of VLDLs
reduces LDL and TG levels
increased HDL more effectively than any other drug |
|
|
Term
| nicotinic acid adverse effects |
|
Definition
skin flushing, itching
hyperglycemia |
|
|
Term
| bile acid-binding sequestrants (resins) colesevelam (Welchol) |
|
Definition
increases LDL receptors on hepatocytes
prevent reabsorption of bile acids
constipation, GI |
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Term
|
Definition
inhibits cholesterol absorption at the brush border of the small intestine
reduces cholesterol, LD cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B
monotherapy or combo w/statin |
|
|
Term
| fibric acid derivatives, fibrates |
|
Definition
Gemfibrozil (Lopid)
Fenofibrate (Tricor, others)
Fenofibric acid (TriLipix) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| SVR is the major determinant of diastolic pressure |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antihypertensive mechanisms: sites of drug action |
|
Definition
Brainstem
Sympathetic ganglia
Terminals of adrenergic nerves
Beta1-adrenergic receptors on the heart
Alpha1-adrenergic receptors on blood vessels
Vascular smooth muscle
Renal tubules
Beta1 receptors on juxtaglomerular cells
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
Angiotensin II receptors
Aldosterone receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
| beta-adrenergic antagonists (non-selective) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reduce angiotensin converting enzyme II
increase levels of bradykinin (kinase II) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Cough (dry, hacking, sleepless)
Angioedema
Hyperkalemia |
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