Term
|
Definition
Maintain ECF Volume
Receive 1000-1200 mL of blood per minute-25% of cardiac output.
Filter 7 L of fluid/hour; Reabsorb 99% |
|
|
Term
| Kidneys regulate plasma ____ . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidney endocrine function |
|
Definition
| Produces erythropoeitin and renin, converts vitamin D to active form |
|
|
Term
| At what percentage of destruction is kidney function impaired? |
|
Definition
| removal of 50% of nephrons – no significant impairment-usually no sx until 75-90% are damaged |
|
|
Term
| Do kidneys perform gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Filtration of fluids/solutes from plasma into nephron. Driven by Starling forces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reabsorption: Solutes & water are removed from tubules and returned to blood (peritubular capillaries) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretion: transfer of substances from peritubular capillaries into tubular fluid (K+, H+, creatinine, other met wastes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excess fluid & other substances removed from body
Excretion = filtration-reabsorption + secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pelvis: urinary collecting structures called ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medulla: middle portion; contains the renal _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortex: outer portion; contains ____ and nephron tubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the causes of incontinence. |
|
Definition
Any anatomical, physiological, or pathological feature that disrupts micturation process can cause voiding dysfunction and incontinence. See Box 29-1 – Copstead
All causes of incontinence, including neurogenic bladder, produce similar symptoms… |
|
|
Term
| List the types of incontinence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the normal changes to kidney function that are associated with the aging process. |
|
Definition
Decrease in kidney size
Decrease in renal blood flow and GFR
Number of nephrons decrease due to renal vascular and perfusion changes
Glomerular capillaries atrophy
Tubular transport response decreases
Increased bladder symptoms: urgency, frequency, and nocturia |
|
|
Term
| Causes and symptoms of pyelonephritis |
|
Definition
Acute infection of the ureter, renal pelvis, and/or renal parenchyma
Sudden onset fever, chills, flank pain, dysuria, frequency, or asymptomatic. |
|
|
Term
| Causes and symptoms of glomerulonephritis |
|
Definition
Hematuria-coffee-colored urine
proteinuria > 3 g/day. Can lead to nephrotic syndrome
Systemic fluid volume changes: edema
Fluid-volume excess
Vascular protein loss |
|
|
Term
| Causes and symptoms of cystitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the drugs used to treat UTIs, noting any unusual side effects or precautions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the relationship between the nephrotic syndrome and protein. |
|
Definition
Increase in glomerular capillary wall permeability to proteins
Proteinuria >3.5 g in 24 hr
Hypoalbuminemia
Generalized edema
Hyperlipidemia |
|
|
Term
| Describe the factors that contribute to kidney stone formation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the major differences between acute, rapidly progressing, and chronic glomerulonephritis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the three types of acute renal failure and their causes. |
|
Definition
Prerenal: hypovolemia, volume shifts, MI, septic shock
Intra: acute tubular necrosis (ATN) most common (postischemic, nephrotoxic)
Post: urinary tract obstructions, bilaterally |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between pre- and postrenal failure and acute tubular necrosis (ATN)? |
|
Definition
| prerenal and postrenal acute renal failure (ARF) can cause ATN! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peritubular capillaries formed from efferent arterioles |
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast acute and chronic renal failure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pressure difference between renal artery & renal vein / renal vascular resistance.
Q = delta P / R |
|
|
Term
| How do the three stages of ARF differ from the three stages of chronic renal failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blood Urea Nitrogen. test is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea, and a measurement of renal function
BUN is an indication of renal health. Normal ranges 7-25 mg/dL. If GFR and blood volume decrease (hypovolemia) then BUN will increase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| or chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder[1] is a bone pathology, characterized by bone mineralization deficiency, that is a direct result of the electrolyte and endocrine derangements that accompany chronic kidney disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds, such as urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds, and other nitrogen-rich compounds in the blood. It is largely related to insufficient filtering of blood by the kidneys. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the low output of urine,[1] It is clinically classified as an output below 300-500ml/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an absence of urine, clinically classified as below 50ml/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collecting ducts become fluid-filled cysts, compressing renal parenchyma, compromising renal function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Incontinence in children
Primary: no h/o continence
Secondary: loss of continence after 6 months |
|
|
Term
| Kidney auto regulatory mechanism |
|
Definition
| Despite wide changes in arterial BP, RBF and GFR are maintained at consistent rate. |
|
|
Term
| Kidneys are necessary for the formation of the active form of ____-necessary cofactor for intestinal calcium absorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a peptide growth factor the stimulates formation of erythrocytes in the bone marrow. Stimulated by hypoxia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Urine color ------------- light yellow to amber
Urine pH----------------- acidic
Specific gravity--------- 1.003-1.030 |
|
|
Term
| Urinalysis -- urine sediment |
|
Definition
RBCs none
Casts none
Crystals none
WBCs none
Glucose none
Ketones none
Nitrites none |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
end product of muscle metabolism excreted only by the kidney. Fairly reliable index of GFR. A rise in serum creatinine = decreased GFR
Adult males: 0.6-1.5 mg/dl, females: 0.6-1.1 mg/dl, kids: 0.2-1.0 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
compares serum creatinine to amount excreted in urine over specific time.
Adult men: 95-135 mL/min-varies with amt. lean body mass-muscular men higher
Adult women: 85-125 mL/min |
|
|
Term
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) |
|
Definition
| Urea an end product of protein metabolism excreted primarily by the kidney. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decreased renal function-inability to rid body of waste products from blood.
Decreased renal perfusion, but also increased catabolism, decreased fluid volume.
Seen with: high PRO diets, dehydration, shock, heart failure
Reference ranges: (Less specific than creatinine).
Adults: 8-25; may be slightly higher in men
Elderly: values slightly increased r/t lack of renal concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inadequate renal blood flow-hypoperfusion of the kidney |
|
|
Term
| Major causes of prerenal disease, precursors to acute renal failure |
|
Definition
Volume depletion: GI disease, hemmorhage
Heart failure: cardiac output
Hepatic cirrhosis
Hypotension
Medications: NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease production of angiotensin II; decrease filtration to the kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bladder
Normal Micturation
Urinary Incontinence
Selected…
Obstructive disorders
Infections
Congenital disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Detrusor muscle is innervated by the parasympathetic system, causing bladder to contract.
Sympathetic stimulation of bladder sphincter causes relaxation so urine can flow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
overactivity of detrusor muscle.
Strong and immediate urge to void.
Stroke, multiple sclerosis, obstruction, infection, surgical trauma, idiopathic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increased intra-abdominal pressure and relaxed pelvic musculature.
More common in women than men; vaginal delivery, episiotomy, high maternal weight gain, prostatectomy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combination of stress and urge incontinence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Urinary retention and overdistended bladder
Obstruction or sphincter malfunction
Constant or intermittent dribbling, but signs of stress and urge incontinence may be present.
May be conscious or unaware. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rarely pharmacological or surgical.
Mostly behavioral:
1.Toileting assistance, bladder retraining, pelvic muscle rehab
2. Anticholinergic agents, alpha-adrenergics
3. Surgical intervention rare and last resort. |
|
|
Term
| Etiology and treatment for enuresis |
|
Definition
Maturational delay
UTI
Altered pituitary release of ADH
Therapy: behavioral |
|
|
Term
| Urinary Tract Obstruction |
|
Definition
a blockage (anatomic or functional defect) of urine flow within the urinary tract
hydroureter
pregnancy
inflammation
stones
tumors |
|
|
Term
| Severity of urinary tract obstruction is based on |
|
Definition
Location
Completeness
Involvement of one or both upper urinary tracts
Duration
Cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kidney stones – calculi: Masses of crystals, protein, or other substances that form within and may obstruct the urinary tract |
|
|
Term
| Kidney stone risk factors |
|
Definition
Gender (male 15%, 6%(
Race (Caucasian; 2-3% gen. pop)
fluid intake
diet |
|
|
Term
| How are kidney stones classified? |
|
Definition
| by minerals comprising the stones |
|
|
Term
| Most kidney stones are this type. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Supersaturation of one or more salts
-Hypercalciuria found in most stone sufferers
-Hypocitraturia from acidosis, chronic diarrhea, calcium-wasting diuretics (thiazides), high animal protein diet.
-Hypomagnesuria – dietary deficiency
Precipitation of a salt from liquid to solid state
Growth into a stone via crystallization or aggregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate (75%)
Struvite stones – Mg, NH3, Ca, PO4 (10-15%)
Cystinuric stones
Uric acid stones
or can be mixture of above |
|
|
Term
| Why do some people never get calculi? |
|
Definition
Crystal growth-inhibiting substances -
Particle retention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urinary Tract Infection is inflammation of the urinary epithelium following invasion and colonization by some pathogen within the urinary tract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Female gender
Elderly
Chronic diseases (esp. diabetes)
Sexual activity
Poor hygiene
Bladder dysfunction (urinary stasis) |
|
|
Term
| Pathways of renal infection |
|
Definition
Descending hematogenous infection results from bacteremic spread.
More common is ascending infection, which results from a combination of urinary bladder infection, vesicoureteral reflux, and intrarenal reflux. |
|
|
Term
| Most common UTI pathogens |
|
Definition
Gram neg. Escherichia coli (>80% of cases)
Gram positive cocci: Staphylococcus saprophyticus (10-15%)
Hospital-acquired UTI: Enterobacter, klebsiella. proteus, staphylococcus |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Manifestations of lower UTI |
|
Definition
Frequency, dysuria, urgency, and lower abdominal and/or suprapubic pain (not flank pain, rarely fever) - may be asymptomatic.
Urinalysis dipstick:
Pyuria (WBC’s), hematuria, bacteruria.
Visual: cloudy-may see blood
Urine Culture and Sensitivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increased fluid intake-flush it out!
Avoidance of bladder irritants (coffee, cola, tea, wine)
Urinary analgesics (OTC phenazopyridine)
Antimicrobial therapy |
|
|
Term
| Consideration for determining pharmacotherapy for UTI |
|
Definition
80% of infections r/t gram – (e-coli) bacteria.
10-15% gram + cocci
Location:
-Upper:Acute pyelonephritis, Acute bacterial prostatitis
-Lower: Acute cystitis (bladder), Acute urethral syndrome
Isolated infection
Unresolved infection
Recurrent infection
Complicated vs. uncomplicated |
|
|
Term
| Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim are used in |
|
Definition
Acute cystitis
Long term prophylaxis against recurrent infection
Acute pyelonephritis (mild)
Acute bacterial prostatitis |
|
|
Term
| Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim are oral, broad spectrum antibiotics often used in combination. MOA is __ |
|
Definition
Bacteriostatic: Suppress bacterial growth by inhibiting folic acid
Combo is Trimethoprim and Sulfisoxazole (TMP-SMZ, Bactrim DS) |
|
|
Term
| The TMP-SMZ combo inhibits sequential steps in bacterial ___ synthesis, making it much more powerful than TMP or SMZ alone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Uncomplicated urinary tract infection
Pneumocystis carinii
– GI infections |
|
|
Term
| Bactram (TMP-SMZ combo) adverse reactions |
|
Definition
GI disturbance
Hypersensitivity reactions: rash, photosensitivity, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (very rare)
Hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency
Kernicterus in newborns (high billir. in brain; neurotox)
Crystalluria (rare with newer preparations and hydration) |
|
|
Term
| If allergic to bactram (sulfa) then use |
|
Definition
Fluoroquinolones
(ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin) |
|
|
Term
Fluoroquinolones details
(ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin) |
|
Definition
Bacteriocidal: inhibit bacterial DNA replication
Common, broad spectrum antibiotic
Effective against aerobic gram -, some gram +
Rare risk of tendon damage: avoid use in children
Side effects are mild.
Drug and food interactions |
|
|
Term
Fluoroquinolones Drug and food interactions
(ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin) |
|
Definition
bsorption reduced by
Aluminum antacids
Magnesium antacids
Iron salts
Zinc salts
Sucralfate
Milk and dairy products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fosfomycin (Monurol) details |
|
Definition
Bacteriocidal: Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, cause bacterial lysis and death
New agent
Single dosing (3 gm) in uncomplicated UTIs (acute cystitis)
Symptoms usually improve in 2-3 days, but if not, giving another dose has no effect but increases side effects.
Side effects: diarrhea, headache, vaginitis |
|
|
Term
| Urinary Tract Antiseptics |
|
Definition
Nitrofurantoin [Furadantin, Macrodantin]
Methenamine [Mandelamine]
Nalidixic acid [NegGram]
Cinoxacin [Cinobac] |
|
|
Term
| Urinary Tract Antiseptics Details |
|
Definition
Second-choice drugs-UTIs only
work by becoming concentrated in urine against common pathogens
Not effective in blood or tissues
Bacteriostatic in low doses, bactericidal in high doses
May be used as prophylaxis against recurrent infx.
Gram - and +
only for lower infections |
|
|
Term
| NItrofurantoin (Furadantin) MOA and details |
|
Definition
damages DNA after conversion to reactive form by bacterial enzyme.
Broad spectrum
GI symptoms most frequent side effect
Can induce pulmonary damage due to hypersensitivity – contraindicated in pts with this type of reaction.
Also seen, peripheral neuropathy (chronic use), headache, vertigo, drowsiness, nystagmus, hematological disorders. |
|
|
Term
| Methenamine (Urex) available |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation, puncture, stretching – costovertebral (flank) pain at T10 – L1
no nociceptors in kidney
Bladder pain – suprapubic area, upper thigh.
Ureteral pain – flank, groin, genital area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anatomical abnormality causing reflux of urine from bladder to ureter and renal pelvis.
Usually diagnosed in children with frequent UTI
80% spontaneously resolve with age
Antibiotic prophylaxis and surgery depending on presentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Congenital Disease
Polycystic kidney disease
Infectious Diseases
Acute & chronic pyelonephritis
Glomerular Diseases |
|
|
Term
| Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) |
|
Definition
| Genetic: multiple dilations of collecting ducts that appear as fluid filled sacs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cause of fetal death; many death by around age 10; inverse relationship to hepatic fibrosis (these kids live longer)
adult manifest around age 50; end stage disease 70s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pyelonephritis-most serious form of UTI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acute infection of the ureter, renal pelvis, and/or renal parenchyma
Sudden onset fever, chills, flank pain, dysuria, frequency, or asymptomatic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Persistent or recurring episodes of acute pyelonephritis
Risk increases in individuals with renal infections and some type of obstructive pathologic condition
Chronic interstitial inflammation leads to fibrosis and decrease in functional nephrons
Second leading cause of renal failure |
|
|
Term
| Hallmark sign of pain for pyelonephritis |
|
Definition
| Tap to costal vertebral angle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alterations in structure and function of glomerular capillary circulation
Glomerulonephritis
Nephrotic Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Primary vs Secondary Glomerular Disorders |
|
Definition
Primary:The kidney is the only or predominant organ involved
Secondary: Resulting from drug exposure, infection, multi-organ involvement |
|
|
Term
| Glomerular disorders account for ___ % of all end stage kidney disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Located between the glomerular membrane and the podocytes of Bowman's capsule |
|
Definition
| The basement membrane is the principal selectivity barrier for glomerular filtration. It prevents the passage of cells and large proteins. |
|
|
Term
| More anatomy of the basement membrane |
|
Definition
| Capillary lumen, endothelium, basement membrane, podocyte foot processes parietal epithelium of Bosman's capsule |
|
|
Term
| The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is determined by two key factors: |
|
Definition
1. The filtration pressure (hydrostatic pressure) that is influenced by blood pressure/volume and capillary oncotic pressure (from proteins in the blood).
2. The permeability and surface area of the glomerular membrane-including the basement membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Glomerular Disorders result in |
|
Definition
Increased glomerular capillary permeability and loss of negative ionic charge barrier result in passage of plasma proteins, RBCs into the urine
Resulting hypoalbuminemia encourages plasma fluid to move into the interstitial spaces (Edema)
Decreased GFR resulting in fluid retention, increased BUN/creatinine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of the glomerulus
-Primarily post-infectious with immunologic abnormalities (most common)
-Vascular disorders
-Systemic diseases
-Viral causes |
|
|
Term
| Acute glomerulonephritis is immunologic. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glomerulonephritis Mechanisms of injury |
|
Definition
Deposition of circulating soluble antigen-antibody complexes, often with complement deposition
Formation of antibodies against the glomerular basement membrane
Neutrophils, moncytes, lysosomal enzymes damage basement membrane
Angiotensin II, leukotrienes glomerular perfusion – outcome?? |
|
|
Term
| Glomerulonephritis Clinical Manifestations |
|
Definition
Hematuria-coffee-colored urine
Proteinuria > 3 g/day. Can lead to nephrotic syndrome
Systemic fluid volume changes: edema
-Fluid-volume excess
-Vascular protein loss
Rx – aimed at treating underlying cause and symptomatic support. |
|
|
Term
| Rapidly Progressing Glomerulonephritis |
|
Definition
symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis combined with rapid decline in renal function and failure.
cause unknown, possiblly r/t acute or subacute infection |
|
|
Term
| Manifestation of rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis |
|
Definition
Viral symptoms, HTN, edema, hematuria and proteinuria
Presence of crescent formation. Characteristics of crescents change as disease progresses. |
|
|
Term
| Chronic Glomerulonephritis |
|
Definition
Continuing or persistent hematuria and proteinuria with progressive renal deterioration, hypertension, contracted kidneys, and renal failure.
Primarily autoimmune. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increase in glomerular capillary wall permeability to proteins
Proteinuria >3.5 g in 24 hr
-Hypoalbuminemia
-Generalized edema
-Hyperlipidemia
Usually self-limiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-leading cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults.
the result is changes in the basement membrane and foot processes of glomerulus that make the membrane leaky to proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-leading cause of nephrotic syndrome in children.
the result is changes in the basement membrane and foot processes of glomerulus that make the membrane leaky to proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Treat underlying cause
Diabetic nephropathy: Improved glucose, HTN control
Early detection: annual urine test for protein:
Microalbuminuria-30-300 mg/day albumin
Minimal change disease: steroids
Treat symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Acute renal failure (ARF) |
|
Definition
reversible
Is it Prerenal, intrarenal, & postrenal causes |
|
|
Term
| Chronic renal failure (CRF) |
|
Definition
Irreversible:
Stages of CRF
Associated conditions
Anemia
Osteodystrophy |
|
|
Term
| Acute Renal Failure Details |
|
Definition
Sudden, severe decrease in renal function (may be reversible)
Decreased GFR – urine output decreases over several hours-days (oliguria, and rarely, anuria)
Azotemia (retention of nitrogenous waste in blood, esp. BUN)
Acute increase in serum creatinine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prerenal acute renal failure
Caused by impaired renal blood flow (mean arterial pressure < 70 mm Hg)
GFR declines due to the decrease in filtration pressure |
|
|
Term
| Intrarenal acute renal failure |
|
Definition
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the most common cause of intrarenal renal failure
-Postischemic
-Nephrotoxic
-Prerenal and postrenal can cause ATN! |
|
|
Term
| Occurs with urinary tract obstructions that affect the kidneys bilaterally |
|
Definition
| Postrenal acute renal failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease in urine flow, decrease in urine output, back leackage |
|
|
Term
| Acute Renal Failure Phases |
|
Definition
oliguric phase < 500 ml/day; 1-2 weeks
BUN-creatinine >20:1
diuretic phase >500 ml/day; 2-10 days
BUN-creatinine 10:1
convalescent phase - stable lab values; 3-12 mo. |
|
|
Term
| ___ is the irreversible loss of renal function that affects nearly all organ systems over months to years. |
|
Definition
Chronic renal failure
New emphasis on detecting and tracking early chronic kidney disease (CKD). |
|
|
Term
| What is leading cause of chronic renal failure (CRF) in US? |
|
Definition
Diabetic nephropathy
Also: Glomerulonephritis
Pyelonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Nephrotoxic exposure
Obstructive nephropathy |
|
|
Term
| Progression of CRF – 3 stages |
|
Definition
Reduced renal reserve - < 75% nephron loss
May be asymptomatic
Renal insufficiency – 75-90% loss
Slight elevation in BUN and creatinine
Polyuria, nocturia
May be controlled by diet and medication
End-stage renal disease - > 90% loss
Azotemia, uremia, fluid and electrolyte disruption, renal osteodystrophy, dialysis and transplantation. |
|
|
Term
| Breakdown in homeostasis due to CRF (14). |
|
Definition
Creatinine and urea clearance – plasma levels rise, azotemia
Sodium and water balance – sodium loss and volume depletion
Phosphate and calcium balance – phosphate absorption increase, hypocalcemia from acid-base imbalance
Potassium balance - hyperkalemia to life threatening levels
Acid-base balance – metabolic acidosis
Skeletal and bone alterations – osteitis fibrosa, demineralization, pathological fractures, bone pain, vitmin D deficient.
Cardiopulmonary system – hypertension, pericarditis, pulmonary edema
Neural function- encephalopathy (fatigue, loss of attention and cognition, peripheral neuropathy, loss of coordination, stupor, coma
Endocrine and reproduction – retarded growth in kids, osteomalacia, goiter
Hematologic alterations – anemia, prolonged bleeding times
Immunologic – suppressed immune system
Gastrointestinal – anorexia, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, uremic fetor, PUD, GI bleeding, pancreatitis
Integument – abnormal pigmentation (yellow, pruritis
Alterations in proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 Cascades leading to formation of CaPO4 salts
decr active V D, dec serum Ca, inc PTH, incr bone resorption, incr serum Ca
decr GFT, incr PO4 |
|
|
Term
| Renal Replacement Therapies |
|
Definition
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis (form of overnight dialysis causes osmotic fluid movement and diffusion of toxins and electrolytes) |
|
|
